/*
 * Copyright 2023 Haiku Inc. All rights reserved.
 * Distributed under the terms of the MIT License.
 *
 * Authors:
 *   Adrien Destugues
 */

 /*!
	\page synchronization_primitives Synchronization primitives

	In userspace code, there are many way to synchronize threads with each other. Pthreads provide
	mutexes and condition variables. The Be API provides BLocker. There are also atomic functions
	and a few other options, on which many solutions can be built.

	The kernel side is a bit more restricted, in particular when it comes to synchronizing between
	interrupt handlers and other parts of the code. This is because of two reasons: first of all,
	interrupt are a low level mechanism of the CPU, and while interrupt handling code is running,
	the normal operations of the kernel are interrupted (as the name implies). So, normal
	scheduling will not take place. Secondly, interrupts are not allowed to be blocked to wait on
	anything. This rules out the use of critical sections in the traditional sense, where the
	interrupt code may want to wait for an userspace thread to complete.

	As a result, the way synchronization is handled in the kernel is a bit different. The basic
	primitives available are: spinlocks, atomic operations, semaphores, and condition variables.

	\section spinlocks Spinlocks

	A spinlock is a busy wait: it will run a loop, testing over and over for a condition to become
	true. On a single task system, that would not work, the CPU would be busy forever, and the
	condition would never change. But, Haiku is a multitask system, and so the condition can be
	changed, either because of code running on another CPU core, or code running in an interrupt
	handler (which can interrupt the thread that's running the spinlock).

	The downside of spinlocks is that they keep the CPU busy. Not only this increases power usage,
	it also prevents using the CPU for something else (maybe another thread would like to run
	while this one is waiting). As a result, they are used only for very short waits, and always
	with a timeout to make sure they don't lock up a CPU core forever or even for an unreasonably
	long time (that will result in a panic and a trip to the kernel debugger).

	\section atomic_ops Atomic operations

	Atomic operations are defined in the \ref support. However, they are actually implemented
	using only CPU instructions, and no operating system support. This means they are available
	for use in Kernel code as well.

	They are used as a building block for higher level primitives, but are also occasionally useful
	for simple synchronization needs or things like event counters. Since they are implemented
	at the CPU level, they are quite fast.

	Atomic operations are not blocking, but they guarantee that an operation will complete before
	an interrupt happens or another CPU core accesses the same memory.

	\section semaphores Semaphores

	Semaphores are the historical way to signal events in BeOS and Haiku. A semaphore has a counter
	that can be incremented (release_sem) and decremented (acquire_sem). The counter is not allowed
	to go below 0, if a thread attempts to acquire an empty semaphore, it will be blocked until
	someone else releases it.

	Seaphores can be used to implement mutexes: by creating a semaphore with a count of 1, threads
	can enter the critical section by acquiring, and exit it by releasing the semaphore. Additional
	checks can be added to make sure that only threads in the critical section can release the
	semaphore in this case.

	But semaphores are also useful in other cases. For example, they can be used for an interupt
	handler to wake up a thread. In that case, the interrupt handler always releases the semaphore
	(when an interrupt happens) and the thread always acquires it. Releasing a semaphore is never
	a blocking operation, so there is no risk of blocking an interrupt handler. This setup makes
	sure the thread is waken up exactly one time per event the interrupt needs to handle.

	Finally, semaphores are identified by an unique number, which can be shared between kernel
	and userspace. As a result, they can be used to sycnhronize directly between userspace and
	kernelspace threads, or even directly from interrupt handlers to userspace threads. The
	downside of this is that there is a limited number of semaphores, and if too much code uses
	them, or if there is a leak in some code creating and never destroing semaphores, this may
	end up blocking the system completely.

	\section condition_variables Condition Variables

	A more recent addition to Haiku synchronization primitives is condition variables. They allow
	a thread to wait for a specific condition, which is notified by another thread. This is
	similar to the use of semaphores outlined above, but provides an easier way to handle race
	conditions, spurious wakeups, and so on.