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159 lines
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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<!--
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*
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* Copyright 2008-2013, Haiku. All rights reserved.
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* Distributed under the terms of the MIT License.
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*
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* Authors:
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* Humdinger <humdingerb@gmail.com>
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* Translators:
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* Loïc
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* Vincent Duvert
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*
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-->
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
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<title>Structure du système de fichiers</title>
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<body>
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<div><span>Guide de l’utilisateur</span></div>
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<ul class="lang-menu">
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<li class="now"><img src="../images/flags/fr.png" alt="" /> Français</li>
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<li><a href="../de/filesystem-layout.html"><img src="../images/flags/de.png" alt="" />Deutsch</a></li>
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<li><a href="../fi/filesystem-layout.html"><img src="../images/flags/fi.png" alt="" />Suomi</a></li>
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<li><a href="../ca/filesystem-layout.html"><img src="../images/flags/ca.png" alt="" />Català</a></li>
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<li><a href="../en/filesystem-layout.html"><img src="../images/flags/gb.png" alt="" />English</a></li>
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</ul>
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<span>
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« <a href="bootloader.html">Chargeur de démarrage</a>
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:: <a href="contents.html" class="uplink">Sommaire</a>
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:: <a href="gui.html">L'interface graphique de Haiku</a> »
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<div id="content">
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<div>
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<div class="box-info">Cette page n'est pas encore entièrement traduite. Les parties non encore traduites seront en anglais.</div>
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<h1>Structure du système de fichiers</h1>
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<p>L'organisation des fichiers est assez transparente dans Haiku. En essayant de toujours utiliser des noms explicites pour les fichiers et les dossiers, l'utilisateur n'a pas besoin de faire de suppositions. Les fichiers et dossiers qui sont importants pour le bon fonctionnement du système, sont protégés des atteintes accidentelles par l'affichage d'une de ces alertes :</p>
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<img src="images/filesystem-layout-images/achtung-user.png" alt="achtung-user.png" />
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<img src="images/filesystem-layout-images/achtung-system.png" alt="achtung-system.png" />
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<p>Le second message d'alerte apparaît si vous essayez de renommer ou de supprimer quelque chose dans l'arborescence du système. Ici, le bouton "<span class="button">Rename</span>" ne deviendra cliquable qu'en maintenant la touche <span class="key">Maj</span> enfoncée.</p>
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<p>Generally, there are two separate branches springing from the root folder of the boot volume:</p>
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<table summary="layout" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
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<tr><td><span class="path">/boot/system/</span></td><td> </td><td>Contains system files and applications/packages shared by all users.</td></tr>
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<tr><td><span class="path">/boot/home/</span></td><td> </td><td>This is your personal folder where you keep your data and settings and the applications/packages that are <i>not</i> shared by all users.</td></tr>
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</table>
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<p>As long as Haiku isn't multi-user, this distinction between shared and not-shared applications/packages has no apparent effect, as there's only one user with one home folder. But since there will be support for more users than one eventually, it makes sense to learn the right way from the start.</p>
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<h2><a href="#"><img src="../images/up.png" style="border:none;float:right" alt="index" /></a>
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<a id="system" name="system">Le dossier système - <span class="path">/boot/system/</span></a></h2>
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<p>Under Haiku's predecessor BeOS, this folder was named <span class="path">/boot/beos/</span>. You may still find it in some older documentation (e.g. in the original BeBook).<br />
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Most of the folders inside <span class="path">/boot/system/</span> are read-only, which is sensible as they contain the files necessary for Haiku to function correctly and therefore have to be safe from (accidental) alteration. The only user-writable folders are:</p>
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<table summary="layout" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
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<tr><td><span class="path">/boot/system/cache/</span></td><td> </td><td>Contains cached files and the temporary folder linked to <span class="path">/tmp/</span>.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="onelinetop"><span class="path">/boot/system/non-packaged/</span></td><td> </td><td>Contains a hierarchy for files that aren't part of a .hpkg (probably from old BeOS archives).</td></tr>
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<tr><td><span class="path">/boot/system/packages/</span></td><td> </td><td>Besides holding Haiku's system packages, you can add/remove packages shared by all users.</td></tr>
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<tr><td><span class="path">/boot/system/settings/</span></td><td> </td><td>Contains system-wide settings.</td></tr>
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<tr><td><span class="path">/boot/system/var/</span></td><td> </td><td>Contains logs like the syslog (important when troubleshooting) and is the default location for the swap file.</td></tr>
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</table>
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<p><span class="box-info">For more information on the <span class="path">packages</span> and <span class="path">non-packaged</span> folders, see topic <a href="">Installing applications</a>.</span></p>
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<h2><a href="#"><img src="../images/up.png" style="border:none;float:right" alt="index" /></a>
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<a id="home" name="home">Le dossier personnel - <span class="path">/boot/home/</span></a></h2>
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<p>This folder belongs to you. Here you can create and delete files and folders as you wish. (By the way, the tilde ("<tt>~</tt>") is a shortcut for your home folder, so you don't always have to write "<span class="path">/boot/home/</span>" in Terminal.)<br />
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Files that you'd like to share with other users in a future multi-user environment have do be put outside <span class="path">/boot/home/</span>. For example, you could create a folder <span class="path">/boot/all-users/</span> and put the stuff there.</p>
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<table summary="layout" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4">
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<tr><td><span class="path">~/Desktop/</span></td><td style="width:10px;"> </td>
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<td>Holds the files of your desktop. Double-clicking won't open it, as it is already always visible. When your files happen to be obscured by open windows, just switch quickly to another <a href="workspaces.html">Workspace</a>. Of course, <a href="tracker.html#drill-down">drilling</a> down by right-clicking is also possible.</td></tr>
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<tr><td><span class="path">~/mail/</span></td><td style="width:10px;"> </td>
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<td>This is the default location for your mails.</td></tr>
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<tr><td><span class="path">~/people/</span></td><td style="width:10px;"> </td>
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<td>This is the default location for you contact files, see <a href="applications/people.html">People</a>.</td></tr>
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<tr><td><span class="path">~/queries/</span></td><td style="width:10px;"> </td>
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<td><a href="queries.html">Queries</a> are stored here, by default temporarily for 7 days.</td></tr>
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</table>
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<p>The folder <span class="path">/boot/home/config/</span> is special: just like <span class="path">/boot/system/</span> it's mostly under the control of the package management and therefore read-only. It too contains these similar user-writable folders:</p>
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<table summary="layout" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4">
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<tr><td><span class="path">~/config/packages/</span></td><td style="width:10px;"> </td>
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<td>Here you can add/remove packages that are <i>not</i> shared by all users.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="onelinetop"><span class="path">~/config/non-packaged/</span></td><td> </td>
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<td>Contains a hierarchy for files that aren't part of a .hpkg (probably from old BeOS archives) and are <i>not</i> shared by all users.</td></tr>
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<tr><td><span class="path">~/config/settings/</span></td><td> </td>
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<td>Ce dossier contient les paramètres de toutes les applications et quelques configurations pour le système. Certaines applications gèrent leurs paramètres dans leurs propres sous-dossiers, d'autres mettre simplement leur fichier de configuration ici.</td></tr>
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</table>
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<p><span class="box-info">For more information on the <span class="path">packages</span> and <span class="path">non-packaged</span> folders, see topic <a href="">Installing applications</a>.</span></p>
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<p>Here are some of the more interesting subfolders in <span class="path">~/config/settings</span>:</p>
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<table summary="layout" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4">
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<tr><td><span class="path">boot/</span></td><td style="width:10px;"> </td>
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<td>Ce dossier permet de rajouter des <a href="bash-scripting.html#user-scripts">Scripts utilisateurs</a> qui sont exécutés lors du démarrage ou de l’extinction du système.</td></tr>
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<tr><td><span class="path">boot/launch/</span></td><td> </td>
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<td>Les liens vers les programmes ou les documents contenus dans ce dossier sont automatiquement lancés à chaque démarrage.</td></tr>
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<tr><td><span class="path">beos_mime/</span></td><td> </td>
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<td>Dans cette base de données <acronym title="Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions">MIME</acronym>, Haiku conserve tous les différents <a href="filetypes.html">types de fichiers</a> et leurs paramètres.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="onelinetop"><span class="path">deskbar/menu/</span></td><td> </td>
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<td>Copied or linked to files/folders/queries in this folder appear in the <a href="deskbar.html#deskbar-menu">Deskbar menu</a>.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="onelinetop"><span class="path">kernel/drivers/</span></td><td> </td>
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<td>Un fichier de réglages contenu dans ce dossier peut être intéressant : <span class="cli">kernel</span> permet de configurer certains aspects bas niveau du système, comme la désactivation du support multi-processeur (<acronym title="Symmetric Multi Processing">SMP</acronym>), l’activation du déboguage série ou de la gestion d’alimentation avancée (APM, ACPI). Vous pouvez activer un ligne de configuration en enlevant le dièse « <tt>#</tt> » au début. Faites très attention à ce que vous faites !</td></tr>
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<tr><td><span class="path">Tracker/</span></td><td> </td>
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<td>En plus des différents fichiers de paramètres du tracker, il y a des sous-dossiers intéressants :</td></tr>
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<tr><td align="right"><span class="path">DefaultFolderTemplate/</span></td><td style="width:10px;"></td><td>Affichez et organisez les attributs comme vous aimez, et définissez la taille de fenêtre. Chaque nouveau dossier que vous créez l'utilise comme modèle.</td></tr>
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<tr><td align="right"><span class="path">DefaultQueryTemplates/</span></td><td></td><td>Vous pouvez définir la disposition des fenêtres de résultat de requête pour certains types de fichiers. Voir <a href="queries.html#result-window">Requêtes : La fenêtre de résultats</a>.</td></tr>
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<tr><td align="right"><span class="path">Go/</span></td><td></td><td>Placez ici des liens vers vos emplacements favoris pour les rendre disponible notamment dans les boîtes de dialogue d’ouverture et de fermeture. Voyez le sujet <a href="gui.html#favorites-recent">Interface graphique de Haiku : Favoris et dossiers récents</a>.</td></tr>
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<tr><td align="right"><span class="path">Tracker New Template/</span></td><td></td><td>Ajouter un modèle pour tout type de fichier. il sera alors disponible dans le menu <span class="menu">File | New...</span> du Tracker. voir le sujet <a href="tracker.html#working-with-files">Tracker : gérer vos fichiers</a>.</td></tr>
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</table>
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</div>
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