diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 6020296..4938d55 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ bison.output
 yab
 *.o
 *.so
+*.log
 .vscode/*
 yab2cpp
 tester
 output/*
+runtime/main
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 4ee2ae2..5a51f8c 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -5,8 +5,9 @@ CFLAGS += -Os
 LFLAGS := 
 
 ODIR := build
+RDIR := output
 
-YABCODESTRUCTURES_SOURCE_DEPS := yabCodeStructures.cpp yab2cpp.h yab2cpp.cpp tester.cpp
+YABCODESTRUCTURES_SOURCE_DEPS := yabCodeStructures.cpp yab2cpp.h yab2cpp.cpp tester.cpp runtime/runtime.h
 YAB2CPP_SOURCE_DEPS := yab2cpp.cpp yab2cpp.h tester.cpp
 YABDATASTRUCTURES_SOURCE_DEPS := yabDataStructures.cpp yab2cpp.h yab2cpp.cpp tester.cpp
 YABFUNCTIONS_SOURCE_DEPS := yabFunctions.cpp yab2cpp.h yab2cpp.cpp tester.cpp
@@ -17,15 +18,18 @@ all: binaries
 $(ODIR):
 	@mkdir $(ODIR)
 
+$(RDIR):
+	@mkdir $(RDIR)
+
 binaries: bin_yab2cpp bin_tester
 
 YAB2CPP_OBJECT_DEPS := $(ODIR)/yabCodeStructures.o $(ODIR)/yabFunctions.o $(ODIR)/yabDataStructures.o $(ODIR)/yabIO.o $(ODIR)/yab2cpp.o
 TESTER_OBJECT_DEPS := $(ODIR)/yabCodeStructures.o $(ODIR)/yabFunctions.o $(ODIR)/yabDataStructures.o $(ODIR)/yabIO.o $(ODIR)/tester.o
 
-bin_tester: $(ODIR) $(TESTER_OBJECT_DEPS)
+bin_tester: $(RDIR) $(ODIR) $(TESTER_OBJECT_DEPS)
 	$(CC) -o tester  $(TESTER_OBJECT_DEPS) $(LFLAGS)
 
-bin_yab2cpp: $(ODIR) $(YAB2CPP_OBJECT_DEPS)
+bin_yab2cpp: $(RDIR) $(ODIR) $(YAB2CPP_OBJECT_DEPS)
 	$(CC) -o yab2cpp $(YAB2CPP_OBJECT_DEPS) $(LFLAGS)
 
 $(ODIR)/yabCodeStructures.o: $(ODIR) $(YABCODESTRUCTURES_SOURCE_DEPS)
@@ -48,4 +52,5 @@ $(ODIR)/yabFunctions.o: $(ODIR) $(YABFUNCTIONS_SOURCE_DEPS)
 
 .PHONY: clean
 clean:
-	rm -rf build/* yab2cpp tester
\ No newline at end of file
+	rm -rf build/* output/* yab2cpp tester
+	
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/runtime/Makefile b/runtime/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b254864
--- /dev/null
+++ b/runtime/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+CC := g++
+CFLAGS := -Wall
+CFLAGS += -std=c++11
+CFLAGS += -Os
+LFLAGS := 
+
+all: binaries
+
+binaries: bin_main
+
+SRC := ../output/
+
+OUTPUT_DEPS := $(SRC)consts.h $(SRC)heap.h $(SRC)functions.h runtime.h $(SRC)output.cpp
+
+MAIN_OBJ_DEPS := output.o main.o
+
+bin_main: $(MAIN_OBJ_DEPS)
+	$(CC) -o main $(MAIN_OBJ_DEPS)
+
+main.o: $(OUTPUT_DEPS)
+	$(CC) -o main.o -c main.cpp
+
+output.o: $(OUTPUT_DEPS)
+	$(CC) -I$(SRC) -o output.o -c $(SRC)output.cpp
+
+.PHONY: clean
+clean:
+	rm -rf *.o main
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/runtime/main.cpp b/runtime/main.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a212d59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/runtime/main.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/*
+**  Practice runtime for Yab2Cpp
+**
+**  by Samuel D. Crow
+*/
+#include "runtime.h"
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	unsigned int ret=run();
+	if (ret!=EXIT)
+	{
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/runtime/runtime.h b/runtime/runtime.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2651161
--- /dev/null
+++ b/runtime/runtime.h
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+/*
+**  Practice runtime header for Yab2Cpp
+**
+**  by Samuel D. Crow
+*/
+#ifndef YAB_RUNTIME
+#define YAB_RUTTIME
+
+#include <cstdio>
+using namespace std;
+
+enum STATES:unsigned int
+{
+    EXIT,
+    UNDEFINED_STATE_ERROR,
+    START
+};
+
+/* function prototype */
+unsigned int run();
+
+#endif
diff --git a/tester.cpp b/tester.cpp
index 5d50903..9dd57c8 100644
--- a/tester.cpp
+++ b/tester.cpp
@@ -94,7 +94,6 @@ void shutDown();
 /* process command line parameters */
 int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	atexit(shutDown);
 	switch (argc)
 	{
 		case 1:
@@ -152,6 +151,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 			helpText(argv[0]);
 			break;
 	}
+	cout << "vamanos!" <<endl;
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -179,15 +179,26 @@ void setUp()
 		funcs_h.open("output/functions.h");
 		consts_h.open("output/consts.h");
 		heap_h.open("output/heap.h");
-		output_cpp << "#include <runtime.h>\n#include \"consts.h\"\n"
+		output_cpp << "#include \"../runtime/runtime.h\"\n#include \"consts.h\"\n"
 			<< "#include \"heap.h\"\n#include \"functions.h\"\n"
-			<< "int main(int argc, char *argv[])\n{\n"
-			<< "unsigned int state=start;\nint run(){\nwhile (state>=start){\n"
-			<< "switch(state){\ncase start:" << endl;
-		if (DUMP)
-		{
-			varNames.open("varnames.txt");
-		}
+			<< "unsigned int state=START;\nunsigned int run(){\n"
+			<< "while (state>=START){\n"
+			<< "switch(state){\ncase START:" << endl;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		output_cpp.open("/dev/null");
+		funcs_h.open("/dev/null");
+		consts_h.open("/dev/null");
+		heap_h.open("/dev/null");
+	}
+	if (DUMP)
+	{
+		varNames.open("varnames.log");
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		varNames.open("/dev/null");
 	}
 	if (DEBUG)
 	{
@@ -195,10 +206,15 @@ void setUp()
 		logfile.open("parse.log");
 		logger("Setup complete.");
 	}
+	else
+	{
+		logfile.open("/dev/null");
+	}
 }
 
 [[noreturn]] void error(enum COMPILE_ERRORS e)
 {
+	cerr << COMPILE_ERROR_NAMES[e] << endl;
 	errorLevel=e;
 	exit(1);
 }
@@ -220,7 +236,7 @@ void logger(string s)
 	if (DEBUG)
 	{
 		indent();
-		logfile << s << endl;
+		logfile << s << "\n";
 	}
 }
 
@@ -230,19 +246,23 @@ void shutDown()
 	if  (errorLevel != E_OK) cerr << "\nERROR: " 
 		<< COMPILE_ERROR_NAMES[errorLevel] << "\n\n" << endl;
 	logger("Dumping stack.");
-	if (DUMP && (logfile))
+	if (DUMP && (logfile)) fn::dumpCallStack();
+	if (DUMP)
 	{
-		fn::dumpCallStack();
-	}
-	varNames << "Global Variables\n";
-	for(auto iter=globals.begin(); iter!=globals.end(); ++iter)
-	{
-		varNames << "variable " << iter->first 
-			<< " has ID " << iter->second << "\n";
-	}
-	varNames << endl;
+		varNames << "Global Variables\n";
+		for(auto iter=globals.begin(); iter!=globals.end(); ++iter)
+		{
+			varNames << "variable " << iter->first 
+				<< " has ID " << iter->second->getID() << "\n";
+		}
+		varNames << endl;
 	label::dumpLabels();
-	output_cpp << "}\n}return state;\n}"<< endl;
+	}
+	if (COMPILE) 
+	{
+		output_cpp << "default:\nstate=UNDEFINED_STATE_ERROR;\n"
+			<< "break;\n}\n}\nreturn state;\n}"<< endl;
+	}
 }
 
 void testInt()
@@ -255,6 +275,7 @@ void testInt()
 	shared_ptr<printSegment>print=shared_ptr<printSegment>(
 		new printSegment(shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(v))));
 	print->generate();
+	label::generateEnd();
 }
 
 /* open files and compile */
@@ -266,4 +287,3 @@ void compile()
 
 	shutDown();
 }
-
diff --git a/yab2cpp.h b/yab2cpp.h
index 4932277..7a19bdb 100644
--- a/yab2cpp.h
+++ b/yab2cpp.h
@@ -160,19 +160,6 @@ enum OPERATORS
 void indent();
 void logger(string s);
 	
-/* internal states used by the parser */
-class scope:public ofstream
-{
-	enum SCOPES myscope;
-public:
-	ofstream &operator<<(ostream &in);
-	enum SCOPES getScope() const {return myscope;}
-
-	scope(enum SCOPES s){myscope=s;}
-	~scope()
-	{}
-};
-
 class operands
 {
 	enum TYPES type;
@@ -268,6 +255,7 @@ class label
 	static unordered_map<string, shared_ptr<label> > lookup;
 public:
 	static void dumpLabels();
+	static void generateEnd();
 
 	unsigned int getID() const {return id;}
 
@@ -450,9 +438,7 @@ class printSegment
 	enum SEPARATORS sep;
 public:
 	void generate();
-	printSegment(shared_ptr<expression>e, enum SEPARATORS s);
-	printSegment(shared_ptr<expression>e) {printSegment(e, S_LINEFEED);}
-	printSegment() {printSegment(NULL);}
+	printSegment(shared_ptr<expression>e=NULL, enum SEPARATORS s=S_LINEFEED);
 	virtual ~printSegment()
 	{}
 };
diff --git a/yabCodeStructures.cpp b/yabCodeStructures.cpp
index a502151..943380c 100644
--- a/yabCodeStructures.cpp
+++ b/yabCodeStructures.cpp
@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@
 **
 */
 #include "yab2cpp.h"
+#include "runtime/runtime.h"
 
 /* static initializers */
 unordered_map<string, shared_ptr<label> > label::lookup;
-unsigned int label::nextID;
+unsigned int label::nextID=START;
 
 /* base class of all the code structure types */
 codeType::codeType(enum CODES t)
@@ -53,6 +54,11 @@ void label::dumpLabels()
 	varNames << endl;
 }
 
+void label::generateEnd()
+{
+	output_cpp << "state=EXIT;\nbreak;\n";
+}
+
 void label::generateJumpTo()
 {
 	output_cpp << "state=" << this->getID() << ";\nbreak;\n";
diff --git a/yabDataStructures.cpp b/yabDataStructures.cpp
index 95fc718..b3099a8 100644
--- a/yabDataStructures.cpp
+++ b/yabDataStructures.cpp
@@ -10,25 +10,9 @@
 
 /* forward declaration and static initializers */
 class fn;
-unsigned int operands::nextID;
+unsigned int operands::nextID=0;
 unordered_map<string, unsigned int> constOp::strConst;
 
-/* scope methods */
-ofstream &scope::operator<<(ostream &in)
-{
-	switch (this->myscope)
-	{
-		case S_LOCAL:
-			return funcs_h;
-		case S_GLOBAL:
-		case S_STATIC:
-			return heap_h;
-		default:
-			break;
-	}
-	error(E_INTERNAL);
-}
-
 /* methods for operands */
 enum TYPES operands::getSimpleVarType()
 {
@@ -62,10 +46,8 @@ operands::operands(enum TYPES t)
 
 void operands::generateBox(enum SCOPES s)
 {
-	string x;
-	scope y(s);
-	stringstream ss;
-	switch (this->getSimpleVarType())
+	ostringstream ss;
+	switch (this->getType())
 	{
 	case T_INTVAR:
 		ss << "int v";
@@ -80,8 +62,19 @@ void operands::generateBox(enum SCOPES s)
 		error(E_TYPE_MISMATCH);
 	}
 	ss << this->getID() << ";\n";
-	ss.str(x);
-	y << x;
+	switch (s)
+	{
+		case S_LOCAL:
+			funcs_h << ss.str();
+			return;
+		case S_GLOBAL:
+		case S_STATIC:
+			heap_h << ss.str();
+			return;
+		default:
+			break;
+	}
+	error(E_INTERNAL);
 }
 
 string operands::boxName()
@@ -94,7 +87,7 @@ string operands::boxName()
 	case T_INTVAR:
 	case T_FLOATVAR:
 		s << 'v' << this->getID();
-		s.str(x);
+		x=s.str();
 		s.clear();
 		return x;
 		break;
@@ -108,7 +101,7 @@ void constOp::processConst(unsigned int i)
 {
 	stringstream me;
 	me << 'k' << i;
-	me.str(box);
+	box=me.str();
 }
 
 void constOp::processConst( const string &s)
@@ -401,7 +394,6 @@ void variableType::assignment(shared_ptr<expression>value)
 string arrayType::boxName(list<shared_ptr<operands> >indexes)
 {
 	ostringstream out;
-	string buf;
 	auto i=indexes.begin();
 	out << 'v' << this->getID();
 	while (i!=indexes.end())
@@ -409,15 +401,12 @@ string arrayType::boxName(list<shared_ptr<operands> >indexes)
 		out << '[' << (*i)->boxName() << ']';
 		++i;
 	}
-	out.str(buf);
-	out.clear();
-	return buf;
+	return out.str();
 }
 
 string arrayType::generateBox(enum SCOPES s)
 {
 	ostringstream out;
-	string buf;
 	switch (this->getType())
 	{
 		case T_STRINGCALL_ARRAY:
@@ -438,9 +427,7 @@ string arrayType::generateBox(enum SCOPES s)
 		out << '[' << *i << ']';
 	}
 	out << ";\n";
-	out.str(buf);
-	out.clear();
-	return buf;
+	return out.str();
 }
 
 arrayType::arrayType(string &name, enum TYPES t, list<unsigned int>dim):
diff --git a/yabFunctions.cpp b/yabFunctions.cpp
index ca8cdcd..4d7e3de 100644
--- a/yabFunctions.cpp
+++ b/yabFunctions.cpp
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 /* static initializers */
 unordered_map<string, shared_ptr<fn> > fn::functions;
 list<shared_ptr<fn> >fn::callStack;
-unsigned int fn::nextID;
+unsigned int fn::nextID=0;
 
 /* function definitions */
 void fn::dumpCallStack()
diff --git a/yabIO.cpp b/yabIO.cpp
index 595c14b..1fb1eb8 100644
--- a/yabIO.cpp
+++ b/yabIO.cpp
@@ -31,18 +31,19 @@ void printSegment::generate()
 			output_cpp << "printf(\"%f\", " << op->boxName() << ");\n";
 			break;
 		default:
+			error(E_TYPE_MISMATCH);
 			break;
 		}
 	}
 	switch (sep)
 	{
 	case S_LINEFEED:
-		output_cpp << "puts(\"\n\");\n";
+		output_cpp << "puts(\"\\n\");\n";
 		return;
 	case S_SEMICOLON:
 		return;
 	case S_COMMA:
-		output_cpp << "putc('\t');\n";
+		output_cpp << "putc('\\t');\n";
 		return;
 	default:
 		error(E_BAD_SYNTAX);