diff --git a/tester.cpp b/tester.cpp
index 27aa1d5..a996a98 100644
--- a/tester.cpp
+++ b/tester.cpp
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@
 #include "yab2cpp.h"
 #include <cassert>
 
-unordered_map<string, shared_ptr<variableType> >globals;
-unordered_map<string, shared_ptr<variableType> >locals;
-unordered_map<string, shared_ptr<variableType> >statics;
+unordered_map<string, unique_ptr<variableType> >globals;
+unordered_map<string, unique_ptr<variableType> >locals;
+unordered_map<string, unique_ptr<variableType> >statics;
 
 /* These correspond to the enum COMPILE_ERRORS. */
 const char *COMPILE_ERROR_NAMES[]={
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ const char *COMPILE_ERROR_NAMES[]={
 	"value returned from gosub call",
 	"undefined subroutine name",
 	"too many parameters in function call",
-	"value cannot be assigned"
+	"value cannot be assigned",
+	"undimensioned array or undeclared function"
 };
 
 /* These correspond to the types of enum TYPES. */
@@ -214,8 +215,8 @@ void setUp()
 
 [[noreturn]] void error(enum COMPILE_ERRORS e)
 {
-	cerr << COMPILE_ERROR_NAMES[e] << endl;
 	errorLevel=e;
+	shutDown();
 	exit(1);
 }
 
@@ -245,6 +246,8 @@ void shutDown()
 {
 	if  (errorLevel != E_OK) cerr << "\nERROR: " 
 		<< COMPILE_ERROR_NAMES[errorLevel] << "\n\n" << endl;
+	logger("Purging tempVar queues");
+	tempVar::eraseQueues();
 	logger("Dumping stack.");
 	if (DUMP && (logfile)) fn::dumpCallStack();
 	if (DUMP)
@@ -271,17 +274,14 @@ void shutDown()
 	statics.clear();
 }
 
-shared_ptr<string>name;
-shared_ptr<variableType>v;
-shared_ptr<printSegment>print;
+variableType *v;
+printSegment *print;
 void testInt()
 {
-	name=shared_ptr<string>(new string("v"));
-	v=variableType::getOrCreateVar(*name, T_INTVAR);
-	v->assignment(shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(
-		shared_ptr<operands>(new constOp("2", T_INT)))));
-	print=shared_ptr<printSegment>(
-		new printSegment(shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(v))));
+	string name=string("v");
+	v=variableType::getOrCreateVar(name, T_INTVAR);
+	v->assignment(new expression(new constOp("2", T_INT)));
+	print=new printSegment(new expression(v));
 	print->generate();
 	label::generateEnd();
 }
diff --git a/yab2cpp.cpp b/yab2cpp.cpp
index 72eda75..5a29d1c 100644
--- a/yab2cpp.cpp
+++ b/yab2cpp.cpp
@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@
 **
 */
 #include "yab2cpp.h"
+#include <cassert>
 
-unordered_map<string, shared_ptr<variableType> >globals;
-unordered_map<string, shared_ptr<variableType> >locals;
-unordered_map<string, shared_ptr<variableType> >statics;
+unordered_map<string, unique_ptr<variableType> >globals;
+unordered_map<string, unique_ptr<variableType> >locals;
+unordered_map<string, unique_ptr<variableType> >statics;
 
 /* These correspond to the enum COMPILE_ERRORS. */
 const char *COMPILE_ERROR_NAMES[]={
@@ -25,7 +26,8 @@ const char *COMPILE_ERROR_NAMES[]={
 	"value returned from gosub call",
 	"undefined subroutine name",
 	"too many parameters in function call",
-	"value cannot be assigned"
+	"value cannot be assigned",
+	"undimensioned array or undeclared function"
 };
 
 /* These correspond to the types of enum TYPES. */
@@ -92,7 +94,6 @@ void shutDown();
 /* process command line parameters */
 int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	atexit(shutDown);
 	switch (argc)
 	{
 		case 1:
@@ -150,6 +151,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 			helpText(argv[0]);
 			break;
 	}
+	cout << "program exiting" <<endl;
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -177,15 +179,26 @@ void setUp()
 		funcs_h.open("output/functions.h");
 		consts_h.open("output/consts.h");
 		heap_h.open("output/heap.h");
-		output_cpp << "#include <runtime.h>\n#include \"consts.h\"\n"
+		output_cpp << "#include \"../runtime/runtime.h\"\n#include \"consts.h\"\n"
 			<< "#include \"heap.h\"\n#include \"functions.h\"\n"
-			<< "int main(int argc, char *argv[])\n{\n"
-			<< "unsigned int state=start;\nint run(){\nwhile (state>=start){\n"
-			<< "switch(state){\ncase start:" << endl;
-		if (DUMP)
-		{
-			varNames.open("varnames.txt");
-		}
+			<< "unsigned int state=START;\nunsigned int run(){\n"
+			<< "while (state>=START){\n"
+			<< "switch(state){\ncase START:" << endl;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		output_cpp.open("/dev/null");
+		funcs_h.open("/dev/null");
+		consts_h.open("/dev/null");
+		heap_h.open("/dev/null");
+	}
+	if (DUMP)
+	{
+		varNames.open("varnames.log");
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		varNames.open("/dev/null");
 	}
 	if (DEBUG)
 	{
@@ -193,11 +206,16 @@ void setUp()
 		logfile.open("parse.log");
 		logger("Setup complete.");
 	}
+	else
+	{
+		logfile.open("/dev/null");
+	}
 }
 
 [[noreturn]] void error(enum COMPILE_ERRORS e)
 {
 	errorLevel=e;
+	shutDown();
 	exit(1);
 }
 
@@ -218,27 +236,41 @@ void logger(string s)
 	if (DEBUG)
 	{
 		indent();
-		logfile << s << endl;
+		logfile << s << "\n";
 	}
 }
 
 /* shutdown the compiler and exit */
 void shutDown()
 {
-	if  (errorLevel != E_OK) cerr << "\nERROR: " << COMPILE_ERROR_NAMES[errorLevel] << "\n\n" << endl;
+	if  (errorLevel != E_OK) cerr << "\nERROR: " 
+		<< COMPILE_ERROR_NAMES[errorLevel] << "\n\n" << endl;
+	logger("Purging tempVar queues");
+	tempVar::eraseQueues();
 	logger("Dumping stack.");
-	if (DUMP && (logfile))
+	if (DUMP && (logfile)) fn::dumpCallStack();
+	if (DUMP)
 	{
-		fn::dumpCallStack();
-	}
-	varNames << "Global Variables\n";
-	for(auto iter=globals.begin(); iter!=globals.end(); ++iter)
-	{
-		varNames << "variable " << iter->first << " has ID " << iter->second << "\n";
-	}
-	varNames << endl;
+		varNames << "Global Variables\n";
+		for(auto iter=globals.begin(); iter!=globals.end(); ++iter)
+		{
+			varNames << "variable " << iter->first 
+				<< " has ID " << iter->second->getID() << "\n";
+		}
+		varNames << endl;
 	label::dumpLabels();
-	output_cpp << "}\n}return state;\n}"<< endl;
+	}
+	if (COMPILE) 
+	{
+		output_cpp << "default:\nstate=UNDEFINED_STATE_ERROR;\n"
+			<< "break;\n}\n}\nreturn state;\n}"<< endl;
+		funcs_h.flush();
+		consts_h.flush();
+		heap_h.flush();
+	}
+	globals.clear();
+	locals.clear();
+	statics.clear();
 }
 
 /* open files and compile */
@@ -250,4 +282,3 @@ void compile()
 
 	shutDown();
 }
-
diff --git a/yab2cpp.h b/yab2cpp.h
index 7a19bdb..7249c63 100644
--- a/yab2cpp.h
+++ b/yab2cpp.h
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ extern ofstream heap_h;
 extern ofstream consts_h;
 extern ofstream logfile;
 extern ofstream varNames;
-extern unordered_map<string, shared_ptr<variableType> >globals;
-extern unordered_map<string, shared_ptr<variableType> >locals;
-extern unordered_map<string, shared_ptr<variableType> >statics;
+extern unordered_map<string, unique_ptr<variableType> >globals;
+extern unordered_map<string, unique_ptr<variableType> >locals;
+extern unordered_map<string, unique_ptr<variableType> >statics;
 extern const string CODETYPES[];
 extern const string TYPENAMES[];
 
@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@ extern const string TYPENAMES[];
 ** Note:  There must be a corresponding error message
 ** to each entry in the COMPILE_ERROR_NAMES constant array.
 */
-enum COMPILE_ERRORS {
+enum COMPILE_ERRORS:unsigned int
+{
 	E_OK=0,
 	E_BAD_SYNTAX,
 	E_TYPE_MISMATCH,
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ extern bool DEBUG;
 extern bool TRACE;
 
 /* list of all variableType and constant types */
-enum TYPES
+enum TYPES:unsigned int
 {
 	T_UNKNOWN=0,
 	T_NONE,
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ enum TYPES
 };
 
 /* list of all kinds of other code structures */
-enum CODES
+enum CODES:unsigned int
 {
 	T_PRINT=0,
 	T_PRINTSEGMENT,
@@ -116,14 +117,14 @@ typedef union
 }boxTypes;
 
 /* subtypes of the T_PRINTSEPARATOR type */
-enum SEPARATORS
+enum SEPARATORS:unsigned int
 {
 	S_COMMA,
 	S_SEMICOLON,
 	S_LINEFEED
 };
 
-enum SCOPES
+enum SCOPES:unsigned int
 {
 	S_UNKNOWN,
 	S_LOCAL,
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ enum SCOPES
 	S_GLOBAL
 };
 
-enum OPERATORS
+enum OPERATORS:unsigned int
 {
 	O_PLUS,
 	O_MINUS,
@@ -165,20 +166,46 @@ class operands
 	enum TYPES type;
 	unsigned int id;
 	static unsigned int nextID;
+
 	/* private constructor for parameter passing only */
 	explicit operands(unsigned int id, enum TYPES t);
+protected:
+	void generateBox(enum SCOPES s);
+	explicit operands(enum TYPES t);
+	virtual ~operands()
+	{}
 public:
 	enum TYPES getType() const {return type;}
 	unsigned int getID() const {return id;}
 
 	enum TYPES getSimpleVarType();
-	void generateBox(enum SCOPES s);
 	virtual string boxName();
-	enum TYPES coerceTypes();
+	static enum TYPES getSimpleVarType(enum TYPES t);
 
-	explicit operands(enum TYPES t);
-	virtual ~operands()
+	/* abstract factory */
+	static operands *createOp(enum TYPES t);
+	virtual void dispose();
+};
+
+class tempVar:public operands
+{
+	static list<tempVar *>intQueue;
+	static list<tempVar *>floatQueue;
+	static list<tempVar *>stringQueue;
+
+	/* private constructor called by getOrCreateVar */
+	explicit tempVar(enum TYPES t);
+	/* private destructor called by eraseQueues */
+	virtual ~tempVar()
 	{}
+public:
+	/* factory method to recycle existing tempVar */
+	static tempVar *getOrCreateVar(enum TYPES t);
+
+	/* purge queues at end of compile */
+	static void eraseQueues();
+	/* recycle tempVar in a queue */
+	virtual void dispose();
 };
 
 /* constant operands */
@@ -203,36 +230,23 @@ public:
 /* expression can be terminal or non-terminal node */
 class expression
 {
-	shared_ptr<operands>op;
-	shared_ptr<expression>left;
-	shared_ptr<expression>right;
+	operands *op;
+	expression *left;
+	expression *right;
 	enum OPERATORS oper;
 public:
 	enum OPERATORS getOp() const {return oper;}
-	shared_ptr<expression>getLeft() const {return left;}
-	shared_ptr<expression>getRight() const {return right;}
+	expression *getLeft() const {return left;}
+	expression *getRight() const {return right;}
 
 	bool isBinOp();
-	shared_ptr<operands>evaluate();
-	shared_ptr<operands>stringEval(shared_ptr<operands>l,
-		shared_ptr<operands>r);
+	operands *evaluate();
 
 	/* r is NULL for unary operators */
-	expression(shared_ptr<expression>l, enum OPERATORS o,
-		shared_ptr<expression>r=NULL)
-	{
-		this->left=l;
-		this->right=r;
-		this->oper=o;
-	}
+	expression(expression *l, enum OPERATORS o, expression *r=nullptr);
 
 	/* Terminal expression node */
-	expression(shared_ptr<operands>x)
-	{
-		op=x;
-		oper=O_TERM;
-	}
-	/*TODO: Recycle temporary variableTypes when not in debug mode*/
+	expression(operands *x);
 	virtual ~expression()
 	{}
 };
@@ -252,7 +266,7 @@ class label
 {
 	unsigned int id;
 	static unsigned int nextID;
-	static unordered_map<string, shared_ptr<label> > lookup;
+	static unordered_map<string, unique_ptr<label> > lookup;
 public:
 	static void dumpLabels();
 	static void generateEnd();
@@ -262,19 +276,18 @@ public:
 	void generateJumpTo();
 	/* pass generateOnNSkip as second paramater
 		to generateOnNTo or generateOnNSub */
-	unsigned int generateOnNSkip(list<shared_ptr<label> >&dest);
-	static void generateOnNTo(shared_ptr<expression>e, unsigned int skip);
-	void generateCondJump(shared_ptr<expression>e);
+	unsigned int generateOnNSkip(list<label *>&dest);
+	static void generateOnNTo(expression *e, unsigned int skip);
+	void generateCondJump(expression *e);
 	void generate();
 	
-	static shared_ptr<label>find(string &s);
+	static label *find(string &s);
 
 	label(){this->id = ++nextID;}
 	label(string &s)
 	{
-		unordered_map<string, shared_ptr<label> >lookup;
 		label();
-		label::lookup[s]=shared_ptr<label>(this);
+		label::lookup[s]=unique_ptr<label>(this);
 	}
 
 	virtual ~label()
@@ -285,20 +298,20 @@ public:
 class ifStatement:public codeType
 {
 	/* for continue command */
-	shared_ptr<label>redo;
+	label *redo;
 	/* for break or after "then" condition */
-	shared_ptr<label>done;
+	label *done;
 	/* For elsif command */
-	shared_ptr<label>chain;
+	label *chain;
 public:
 	void generateContinue();
 	virtual void generateBreak();
 	/* enable else or elsif condition */
-	void alternative(shared_ptr<expression>e=NULL);
+	void alternative(expression *e=nullptr);
 	/* end if */
 	virtual void close();
 
-	explicit ifStatement(shared_ptr<expression>e);
+	explicit ifStatement(expression *e);
 	virtual ~ifStatement()
 	{}
 };
@@ -306,11 +319,11 @@ public:
 /* looping constructs */
 class repeatLoop:public codeType
 {
-	shared_ptr<label>loopStart;
-	shared_ptr<label>loopEnd;
+	label *loopStart;
+	label *loopEnd;
 public:
 	virtual void generateBreak();
-	virtual void close(shared_ptr<expression>e);
+	virtual void close(expression *e);
 
 	explicit repeatLoop();
 	virtual ~repeatLoop()
@@ -319,8 +332,8 @@ public:
 
 class doLoop:public codeType
 {
-	shared_ptr<label>loopStart;
-	shared_ptr<label>loopEnd;
+	label *loopStart;
+	label *loopEnd;
 public:
 	virtual void generateBreak();
 	virtual void close();
@@ -332,15 +345,15 @@ public:
 
 class whileLoop:public codeType
 {
-	shared_ptr<label>loopContinue;
-	shared_ptr<label>loopStart;
-	shared_ptr<label>loopEnd;
-	shared_ptr<expression>cond;
+	label *loopContinue;
+	label *loopStart;
+	label *loopEnd;
+	expression *cond;
 public:
 	virtual void generateBreak();
 	virtual void close();
 
-	explicit whileLoop(shared_ptr<expression>e);
+	explicit whileLoop(expression *e);
 	virtual ~whileLoop()
 	{}
 };
@@ -349,9 +362,9 @@ class variableType:public operands
 {
 	enum SCOPES myScope;
 public:
-	static shared_ptr<variableType>getOrCreateVar(string &name, enum TYPES t);
+	static variableType *getOrCreateVar(string &name, enum TYPES t);
 
-	void assignment(shared_ptr<expression>value);
+	void assignment(expression *value);
 	/* always call generateBox() after new variableType() */
 	variableType(enum SCOPES s, string &name, enum TYPES t);
 	variableType();
@@ -364,11 +377,10 @@ class arrayType:public variableType
 	list<unsigned int> dimensions;
 public:
 	string generateBox(enum SCOPES s);
-	virtual string boxName(list<shared_ptr<operands> >indexes);
+	virtual string boxName(list<operands *>indexes);
 	virtual string boxName(){error(E_UNDIMENSIONED_ARRAY);}
 
-	void assignment(list<shared_ptr<expression> >indexes,
-		shared_ptr<expression>value);
+	void assignment(list<expression *>indexes, expression *value);
 
 	explicit arrayType(string &name, enum TYPES t, list<unsigned int>dim);
 		/*:variableType(scope, name, t);*/
@@ -378,67 +390,66 @@ public:
 
 class forLoop:public codeType
 {
-	shared_ptr<variableType>var;
-	shared_ptr<variableType>startTemp;
-	shared_ptr<variableType>stopTemp;
-	shared_ptr<whileLoop>infrastructure;
-	shared_ptr<expression>step;
+	variableType *var;
+	variableType *startTemp;
+	variableType *stopTemp;
+	whileLoop *infrastructure;
+	expression *step;
 public:
 	virtual void generateBreak();
 	virtual void close();
 
-	explicit forLoop(shared_ptr<variableType>v, shared_ptr<expression>start,
-		shared_ptr<expression>stop, shared_ptr<expression>stepVal=NULL);
+	explicit forLoop(variableType *v, expression *start, expression *stop,
+		expression *stepVal=nullptr);
 	virtual ~forLoop()
 	{}
 };
 
 class fn:codeType
 {
-	static unordered_map<string, shared_ptr<fn> > functions;
-	static list<shared_ptr<fn> > callStack;
+	static unordered_map<string, unique_ptr<fn> > functions;
+	static list<fn *> callStack;
 	static unsigned int nextID;
-	list<shared_ptr<variableType> >params;
+	list<variableType * >params;
 	string funcName;
 	unsigned int id;
 	enum TYPES kind;
-	shared_ptr<operands>rc;
+	operands *rc;
 	/* two labels common to all subroutine calls */
-	shared_ptr<label>startAddr;
-	shared_ptr<label>ret;
+	label *startAddr;
+	label *ret;
 	/* private constructor used by generateGosub and generateOnNSub*/
-	fn(shared_ptr<label>gosub);
+	fn(label *gosub);
 public:
 	static void dumpCallStack();
-	static shared_ptr<fn>getCurrentSub();
-	static shared_ptr<fn>getSub(string &name);
-	static void generateGosub(shared_ptr<label> sub);
+	static fn *getCurrentSub();
+	static fn *getSub(string &name);
+	static void generateGosub(label * sub);
 	/* must be called after label::generateOnNSkip */
-	static void generateOnNSub(shared_ptr<expression>e, unsigned int skip);
+	static void generateOnNSub(expression *e, unsigned int skip);
 
 	unsigned int getID() const {return this->id;}
 	int getNumParams() const {return this->params.size();}
-	void addParameter(shared_ptr<variableType>);
+	void addParameter(variableType *);
 
-	shared_ptr<operands>generateCall(string &name,
-		list<shared_ptr<operands> >&paramList);
-	void generateReturn(shared_ptr<expression>expr);
+	operands *generateCall(string &name, list<operands *>&paramList);
+	void generateReturn(expression *expr);
 	void generateReturn();
 	virtual void generateBreak();
 	virtual void close();
 
-	fn(string &name, enum CODES t, shared_ptr<operands>returnCode=NULL);
+	fn(string &name, enum CODES t, operands *returnCode=nullptr);
 	virtual ~fn()
 	{}
 };
 
 class printSegment
 {
-	shared_ptr<expression>cargo;
+	expression *cargo;
 	enum SEPARATORS sep;
 public:
 	void generate();
-	printSegment(shared_ptr<expression>e=NULL, enum SEPARATORS s=S_LINEFEED);
+	printSegment(expression *e=nullptr, enum SEPARATORS s=S_LINEFEED);
 	virtual ~printSegment()
 	{}
 };
diff --git a/yabCodeStructures.cpp b/yabCodeStructures.cpp
index 943380c..3e841e2 100644
--- a/yabCodeStructures.cpp
+++ b/yabCodeStructures.cpp
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 #include "runtime/runtime.h"
 
 /* static initializers */
-unordered_map<string, shared_ptr<label> > label::lookup;
+unordered_map<string, unique_ptr<label> > label::lookup;
 unsigned int label::nextID=START;
 
 /* base class of all the code structure types */
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ codeType::~codeType()
 }
 
 /* label definitions and helper routines */
-shared_ptr<label>label::find(string &s)
+label *label::find(string &s)
 {
 	unordered_map<string, shared_ptr<label> >lookup;
 	auto ret=label::lookup.find(s);
-	return(ret==label::lookup.end()?NULL:ret->second);
+	return(ret==label::lookup.end()?nullptr:ret->second.get());
 }
 
 void label::dumpLabels()
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ void label::generateJumpTo()
 }
 
 /* pass this as second parameter to generateOnNTo or generateOnNSub */
-unsigned int label::generateOnNSkip(list<shared_ptr<label> >&dest)
+unsigned int label::generateOnNSkip(list<label *>&dest)
 {
 	if (dest.size()<2)error(E_BAD_SYNTAX);
 	auto iter=dest.begin();
@@ -80,25 +80,33 @@ unsigned int label::generateOnNSkip(list<shared_ptr<label> >&dest)
 	return this->getID();
 }
 
-void label::generateOnNTo(shared_ptr<expression>e, unsigned int skip)
+void label::generateOnNTo(expression *e, unsigned int skip)
 {
-	shared_ptr<operands>o=e->evaluate();
+	operands *o=e->evaluate();
 	if (o->getType()==T_INT||o->getType()==T_INTVAR)
 	{
 		output_cpp<< "if(" << o->boxName() << ">=0 && "
 		    << o->boxName() << "<js" << skip << ")state=j["
 		    << o->boxName() << "];\nbreak;\n";
+		o->dispose();
+		delete e;
+		return;
 	}
+	error(E_TYPE_MISMATCH);
 }
 
-void label::generateCondJump(shared_ptr<expression>e)
+void label::generateCondJump(expression *e)
 {
-	shared_ptr<operands>o=e->evaluate();
+	operands *o=e->evaluate();
 	if (o->getType()==T_INT||o->getType()==T_INTVAR)
 	{
 		output_cpp<< "if(" << o->boxName() 
             << "!=0)state=" << this->getID() << ";\nbreak;\n";
+		o->dispose();
+		delete e;
+		return;
 	}
+	error(E_TYPE_MISMATCH);
 }
 
 void label::generate()
@@ -108,13 +116,13 @@ void label::generate()
 
 /* ifStatement definition */
 
-ifStatement::ifStatement(shared_ptr<expression>e):codeType(T_IF)
+ifStatement::ifStatement(expression *e):codeType(T_IF)
 {
-	this->redo=shared_ptr<label>(new label());
+	this->redo=new label();
 	redo->generate();
-	this->done=shared_ptr<label>(new label());
-	shared_ptr<expression>f=shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(e,O_NOT));
-	this->chain=shared_ptr<label>(new label());
+	this->done=new label();
+	expression *f=new expression(e,O_NOT);
+	this->chain=new label();
 	chain->generateCondJump(f);
 }
 
@@ -128,16 +136,15 @@ void ifStatement::generateContinue()
 	redo->generateJumpTo();
 }
 
-void ifStatement::alternative(shared_ptr<expression>e)
+void ifStatement::alternative(expression *e)
 {
 	done->generateJumpTo();
 	this->chain->generate();
-	this->chain=NULL;
-	if(e!=NULL)
+	this->chain=nullptr;
+	if(e!=nullptr)
 	{
-		this->chain=shared_ptr<label>(new label());
-		shared_ptr<expression>f=shared_ptr<expression>(
-			new expression(e,O_NOT));
+		this->chain=new label();
+		expression *f=new expression(e,O_NOT);
 		chain->generateCondJump(f);
 	}
 }
@@ -152,8 +159,8 @@ void ifStatement::close()
 /* Loop definitions */
 repeatLoop::repeatLoop():codeType(T_REPEATLOOP)
 {
-	this->loopStart=shared_ptr<label>(new label());
-	this->loopEnd=shared_ptr<label>(new label());
+	this->loopStart=new label();
+	this->loopEnd=new label();
 	loopStart->generate();
 }
 
@@ -162,17 +169,17 @@ void repeatLoop::generateBreak()
 	loopEnd->generateJumpTo();
 }
 
-void repeatLoop::close(shared_ptr<expression>e)
+void repeatLoop::close(expression *e)
 {
-	shared_ptr<expression>f=shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(e, O_NOT));
+	expression *f=new expression(e, O_NOT);
 	loopStart->generateCondJump(f);
 	loopEnd->generate();
 }
 
 doLoop::doLoop():codeType(T_DOLOOP)
 {
-	this->loopStart=shared_ptr<label>(new label());
-	this->loopEnd=shared_ptr<label>(new label());
+	this->loopStart=new label();
+	this->loopEnd=new label();
 	loopStart->generate();
 }
 
@@ -187,11 +194,11 @@ void doLoop::close()
 	this->loopEnd->generate();
 }
 
-whileLoop::whileLoop(shared_ptr<expression>e):codeType(T_WHILELOOP)
+whileLoop::whileLoop(expression *e):codeType(T_WHILELOOP)
 {
-	loopContinue=shared_ptr<label>(new label());
-	loopStart=shared_ptr<label>(new label());
-	loopEnd=shared_ptr<label>(new label());
+	loopContinue=new label();
+	loopStart=new label();
+	loopEnd=new label();
 	cond=e;
 	loopStart->generateJumpTo();
 	loopContinue->generate();
@@ -209,42 +216,34 @@ void whileLoop::close()
 	loopEnd->generate();
 }
 
-forLoop::forLoop(shared_ptr<variableType>v,
-	shared_ptr<expression>start, shared_ptr<expression>stop,
-	shared_ptr<expression>stepVal):codeType(T_FORLOOP)
+forLoop::forLoop(variableType *v, expression *start, expression *stop,
+	expression *stepVal):codeType(T_FORLOOP)
 {
 	/*v=start;
 	stopTemp=stop;*/
 	v->assignment(start);
 	stopTemp->assignment(stop);
 	/* if (v<stopTemp) */
-	shared_ptr<ifStatement>c=shared_ptr<ifStatement>(new ifStatement(
-		shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(shared_ptr<expression>(
-			new expression(v)),	O_LESS,	shared_ptr<expression>(
-			new expression(stopTemp))))));
+	ifStatement *c=new ifStatement(new expression(new expression(v), O_LESS,
+			new expression(stopTemp)));
 	/* startTemp=v;*/
-	startTemp->assignment(shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(v)));
+	startTemp->assignment(new expression(v));
 	/* else */
 	c->alternative();
 	/* startTemp=stopTemp;
 	stopTemp=v;*/
-	startTemp->assignment(shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(stopTemp)));
-	stopTemp->assignment(shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(v)));
+	startTemp->assignment(new expression(stopTemp));
+	stopTemp->assignment(new expression(v));
 	/* endif */
 	c->close();
 	/* while (v<=stopTemp && v>=startTemp) */
-	shared_ptr<expression>stopper1=shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(
-		shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(v)), O_LESS_EQUAL, 
-		shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(stopTemp))));
-	shared_ptr<expression>stopper2=shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(
-		shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(v)), O_GREATER_EQUAL, 
-		shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(startTemp))));
-	shared_ptr<expression>stopper=shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(
-		stopper1, O_AND, stopper2));
-	shared_ptr<whileLoop>infrastructure=shared_ptr<whileLoop>(new whileLoop(
-		shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(stopper, O_UNEQUAL,
-		shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(
-		shared_ptr<constOp>(new constOp("0", T_INT))))))));
+	expression *stopper1=new expression(new expression(v), O_LESS_EQUAL, 
+		new expression(stopTemp));
+	expression *stopper2=new expression(new expression(v), O_GREATER_EQUAL, 
+		new expression(startTemp));
+	expression *stopper=new expression(stopper1, O_AND, stopper2);
+	infrastructure=new whileLoop(new expression(stopper, O_UNEQUAL,
+		new expression(new constOp("0", T_INT))));
 	if (stepVal)
 	{
 		step=stepVal;
@@ -252,8 +251,7 @@ forLoop::forLoop(shared_ptr<variableType>v,
 	else
 	{
 		/* if not present "step" is assumed to be 1 */
-		step=shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(
-			shared_ptr<constOp>(new constOp("1", T_INT))));
+		step=new expression(new constOp("1", T_INT));
 	}
 }
 
@@ -265,8 +263,7 @@ void forLoop::generateBreak()
 void forLoop::close()
 {
 	/* var=var+step; */
-	shared_ptr<expression>stepper=shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(
-		shared_ptr<expression>(new expression(var)), O_PLUS, step));
+	expression *stepper=new expression(new expression(var), O_PLUS, step);
 	var->assignment(stepper);
 	infrastructure->close();
 }
diff --git a/yabDataStructures.cpp b/yabDataStructures.cpp
index b3099a8..3f48127 100644
--- a/yabDataStructures.cpp
+++ b/yabDataStructures.cpp
@@ -12,11 +12,15 @@
 class fn;
 unsigned int operands::nextID=0;
 unordered_map<string, unsigned int> constOp::strConst;
+list<tempVar *>tempVar::intQueue;
+list<tempVar *>tempVar::floatQueue;
+list<tempVar *>tempVar::stringQueue;
+
 
 /* methods for operands */
-enum TYPES operands::getSimpleVarType()
+enum TYPES operands::getSimpleVarType(enum TYPES t)
 {
-	switch (this->getType())
+	switch (t)
 	{
 		case T_FLOAT:
 		case T_FLOATCALL_ARRAY:
@@ -36,8 +40,12 @@ enum TYPES operands::getSimpleVarType()
 	error(E_UNASSIGNABLE_TYPE);
 }
 
-/* operands used by expression parser and variables */
+enum TYPES operands::getSimpleVarType()
+{
+	return getSimpleVarType(this->getType());
+}
 
+/* operands used by expression parser and variables */
 operands::operands(enum TYPES t)
 {
 	this->id = ++nextID;
@@ -77,6 +85,22 @@ void operands::generateBox(enum SCOPES s)
 	error(E_INTERNAL);
 }
 
+operands *operands::createOp(enum TYPES t)
+{
+	if (DEBUG)
+	{
+		operands *x=createOp(t);
+		x->generateBox(scopeGlobal?S_GLOBAL:S_LOCAL);
+		return x;
+	}
+	return tempVar::getOrCreateVar(t);
+}
+
+void operands::dispose()
+{
+	delete this;
+}
+
 string operands::boxName()
 {
 	ostringstream s;
@@ -97,6 +121,119 @@ string operands::boxName()
 	}
 }
 
+tempVar::tempVar(enum TYPES t):operands(t)
+{
+	generateBox(S_GLOBAL);
+}
+
+tempVar *tempVar::getOrCreateVar(enum TYPES t)
+{
+	if (t!=getSimpleVarType(t))
+	{
+		error(E_TYPE_MISMATCH);
+	}
+	switch (t)
+	{
+	case T_INTVAR:
+		if (intQueue.empty())
+		{
+			return new tempVar(t);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			tempVar *x=intQueue.back();
+			intQueue.pop_back();
+			return x;
+		}
+		break;
+	case T_FLOATVAR:
+		if (floatQueue.empty())
+		{
+			return new tempVar(t);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			tempVar *x=floatQueue.back();
+			floatQueue.pop_back();
+			return x;
+		}
+		break;
+	case T_STRINGVAR:
+		if (stringQueue.empty())
+		{
+			return new tempVar(t);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			tempVar *x=stringQueue.back();
+			stringQueue.pop_back();
+			return x;
+		}
+	default:
+		break;
+	}
+	/* unreachable code */
+	error(E_INTERNAL);
+}
+
+void tempVar::dispose()
+{
+	switch(this->getType())
+	{
+		case T_STRINGVAR:
+			stringQueue.emplace_front(this);
+			return;
+		case T_FLOATVAR:
+			floatQueue.emplace_front(this);
+			return;
+		case T_INTVAR:
+			intQueue.emplace_front(this);
+			return;
+		default:
+			break;
+	}
+	error(E_INTERNAL);
+}
+
+void tempVar::eraseQueues()
+{
+	tempVar *i;
+	while(!intQueue.empty())
+	{
+		i=intQueue.back();
+		if (DUMP)
+		{
+			logfile << "variable " << i->boxName()
+				<< " is a temporary integer\n";
+		}
+		delete i;
+		intQueue.pop_back();
+	}
+	while(!floatQueue.empty())
+	{
+		i=floatQueue.back();
+		if (DUMP)
+		{
+			logfile << "variable " << i->boxName()
+				<< " is a temporary floating point\n";
+		}
+		delete i;
+		floatQueue.pop_back();
+	}
+	while(!stringQueue.empty())
+	{
+		i=stringQueue.back();
+		if (DUMP)
+		{
+			logfile << "variable " << i->boxName()
+				<< " is a temporary string\n";
+		}
+		delete i;
+		stringQueue.pop_back();
+	}
+	if (DUMP) logfile << endl;
+}
+
 void constOp::processConst(unsigned int i)
 {
 	stringstream me;
@@ -136,7 +273,8 @@ constOp::constOp(const string &s, enum TYPES t):operands(t)
 				else
 				{
 					consts_h << "const string ";
-					processConst(s);
+					processConst(getID());
+					consts_h << box << "=\"" << s << "\";\n";
 					constOp::strConst[s]=getID();
 				}
 			}
@@ -148,6 +286,18 @@ constOp::constOp(const string &s, enum TYPES t):operands(t)
 }
 
 /* expression parsing routines */
+expression::expression(expression *l, enum OPERATORS o, expression *r)
+{
+	this->left=l;
+	this->right=r;
+	this->oper=o;
+}
+
+expression::expression(operands *x)
+{
+	op=x;
+	oper=O_TERM;
+}
 
 /* binary vs. unary ops */
 bool expression::isBinOp()
@@ -167,13 +317,12 @@ bool expression::isBinOp()
 	error(E_INTERNAL);
 }
 
-shared_ptr<operands>expression::evaluate()
+operands *expression::evaluate()
 {
 	if (this->getOp()==O_TERM) return op;
-	shared_ptr<operands>l;
-	shared_ptr<operands>r;
+	operands *l;
+	operands *r;
 	enum TYPES t;
-	enum SCOPES scopeVar=(scopeGlobal?S_GLOBAL:S_LOCAL);
 	l=this->getLeft()->evaluate();
 	if (this->isBinOp())
 	{
@@ -182,14 +331,12 @@ shared_ptr<operands>expression::evaluate()
 		enum TYPES rt=r->getSimpleVarType();
 		if (lt==T_INTVAR && rt==T_FLOATVAR)
 		{
-			l=shared_ptr<operands>((new expression(shared_ptr<expression>(
-				new expression(l)), O_INT_TO_FLOAT))->evaluate());
+			l=(new expression(new expression(l), O_INT_TO_FLOAT))->evaluate();
 			lt=T_FLOATVAR;
 		}
 		if (lt==T_FLOATVAR && rt==T_INTVAR)
 		{
-			r=shared_ptr<operands>((new expression(shared_ptr<expression>(
-				new expression(r)), O_INT_TO_FLOAT))->evaluate());
+			r=(new expression(new expression(r), O_INT_TO_FLOAT))->evaluate();
 			rt=T_FLOATVAR;
 		}
 		if (lt!=rt)error(E_TYPE_MISMATCH);
@@ -198,127 +345,111 @@ shared_ptr<operands>expression::evaluate()
 	else
 	{
 		t=l->getSimpleVarType();
-		r=NULL;
+		r=nullptr;
 	}
 	switch (this->getOp())
 	{
 	case O_STRING_CONCAT:
 		if (t!=T_STRINGVAR) error(E_BAD_SYNTAX);
-		this->op=shared_ptr<operands>(new operands(T_STRINGVAR));
-		this->op->generateBox(scopeGlobal?S_GLOBAL:S_LOCAL);
+		this->op=operands::createOp(T_STRINGVAR);
 		output_cpp << this->op->boxName() << "=" << l->boxName()
 			<< "+" << r->boxName();
 		break;
 	case O_INVERT:
-		this->op=shared_ptr<operands>(new operands(t));
-		this->op->generateBox(scopeVar);
+		this->op=operands::createOp(t);
 		output_cpp << this->op->boxName() << "= ~" << l->boxName() << ";\n";
 		break;
 	case O_NEGATE:
-		this->op=shared_ptr<operands>(new operands(t));
-		this->op->generateBox(scopeVar);
+		this->op=operands::createOp(t);
 		output_cpp << this->op->boxName() << "= -" << l->boxName() << ";\n";
 		break;
 	case O_NOT:
 		if (t!=T_INTVAR) error(E_TYPE_MISMATCH);
-		this->op=shared_ptr<operands>(new operands(T_INTVAR));
-		this->op->generateBox(scopeVar);
+		this->op=operands::createOp(T_INTVAR);
 		output_cpp << this->op->boxName() << "= !" << l->boxName() << ";\n";
 		break;
 	case O_INT_TO_FLOAT: /*Note: this duplicates functionality of variable assignment */
-		this->op=shared_ptr<operands>(new operands(T_FLOATVAR));
-		this->op->generateBox(scopeVar);
+		this->op=operands::createOp(T_FLOATVAR);
 		output_cpp << this->op->boxName() << "= const_cast<double>(" 
 			<< l->boxName() << ");\n";
 		/* TODO:  Check for divide by zero error and modulo zero error */
 	case O_REMAINDER:
 		if (t!=T_INTVAR) error(E_TYPE_MISMATCH);
-		this->op=shared_ptr<operands>(new operands(T_INTVAR));
-		this->op->generateBox(scopeVar);
+		this->op=operands::createOp(T_INTVAR);
 		output_cpp << this->op->boxName() << "=" << l->boxName()
 			<< "%" << r->boxName() << ";\n";
 		break;
 	case O_DIVIDE:
-		this->op=shared_ptr<operands>(new operands(t));
-		this->op->generateBox(scopeVar);
+		this->op=operands::createOp(t);
 		output_cpp << this->op->boxName() << "=" << l->boxName()
 			<< "/" << r->boxName() << ";\n";
 		break;
 	case O_PLUS:
-		this->op=shared_ptr<operands>(new operands(t));
-		this->op->generateBox(scopeVar);
+		this->op=operands::createOp(t);
 		output_cpp << this->op->boxName() << "=" << l->boxName()
 			<< "+" << r->boxName() << ";\n";
 		break;
 	case O_MINUS:
-		this->op=shared_ptr<operands>(new operands(t));
-		this->op->generateBox(scopeVar);
+		this->op=operands::createOp(t);
 		output_cpp << this->op->boxName() << "=" << l->boxName()
 			<< "-" << r->boxName() << ";\n";
 		break;
 	case O_MULTIPLY:
-		this->op=shared_ptr<operands>(new operands(t));
-		this->op->generateBox(scopeVar);
+		this->op=operands::createOp(t);
 		output_cpp << this->op->boxName() << "=" << l->boxName()
 			<< "*" << r->boxName() << ";\n";
 		break;
 	case O_OR:
 		if (t!=T_INTVAR) error(E_TYPE_MISMATCH);
-		this->op=shared_ptr<operands>(new operands(T_INTVAR));
-		this->op->generateBox(scopeVar);
+		this->op=operands::createOp(T_INTVAR);
 		output_cpp << this->op->boxName() << "=" << l->boxName()
 			<< "|" << r->boxName() << ";\n";
 		break;
 	case O_AND:
 		if (t!=T_INTVAR) error(E_TYPE_MISMATCH);
-		this->op=shared_ptr<operands>(new operands(T_INTVAR));
-		this->op->generateBox(scopeVar);
+		this->op=operands::createOp(T_INTVAR);
 		output_cpp << this->op->boxName() << "=" << l->boxName()
 			<< "&" << r->boxName() << ";\n";
 		break;
 	case O_GREATER:
-		this->op=shared_ptr<operands>(new operands(T_INTVAR));
-		this->op->generateBox(scopeVar);
+		this->op=operands::createOp(T_INTVAR);
 		output_cpp << this->op->boxName() << "=(" << l->boxName()
 			<< ">" << r->boxName() << ")?-1:0;\n";
 		break;
 	case O_LESS:
-		this->op=shared_ptr<operands>(new operands(T_INTVAR));
-		this->op->generateBox(scopeVar);
+		this->op=operands::createOp(T_INTVAR);
 		output_cpp << this->op->boxName() << "=(" << l->boxName()
 			<< "<" << r->boxName() << ")?-1:0;\n";
 		break;
 	case O_GREATER_EQUAL:
-		this->op=shared_ptr<operands>(new operands(T_INTVAR));
-		this->op->generateBox(scopeVar);
+		this->op=operands::createOp(T_INTVAR);
 		output_cpp << this->op->boxName() << "=(" << l->boxName()
 			<< ">=" << r->boxName() << ")?-1:0;\n";
 		break;
 	case O_LESS_EQUAL:
-		this->op=shared_ptr<operands>(new operands(T_INTVAR));
-		this->op->generateBox(scopeVar);
+		this->op=operands::createOp(T_INTVAR);
 		output_cpp << this->op->boxName() << "=(" << l->boxName()
 			<< "<=" << r->boxName() << ")?-1:0;\n";
 		break;
 	case O_EQUAL:
-		this->op=shared_ptr<operands>(new operands(T_INTVAR));
-		this->op->generateBox(scopeVar);
+		this->op=operands::createOp(T_INTVAR);
 		output_cpp << this->op->boxName() << "=(" << l->boxName()
 			<< "==" << r->boxName() << ")?-1:0;\n";
 		break;
 	case O_UNEQUAL:
-		this->op=shared_ptr<operands>(new operands(T_INTVAR));
-		this->op->generateBox(scopeVar);
+		this->op=operands::createOp(T_INTVAR);
 		output_cpp << this->op->boxName() << "=(" << l->boxName()
 			<< "!=" << r->boxName() << ")?-1:0;\n";
 		break;
 	default:
-		errorLevel=E_INTERNAL;
-		exit(1);
-		break;
+		error(E_INTERNAL);
 	}
 	/* convert expression into single operand */
 	this->oper=O_TERM;
+	l->dispose();
+	delete left;
+	r->dispose();
+	delete right;
 	return this->op;
 }
 
@@ -331,41 +462,40 @@ variableType::variableType(enum SCOPES s, string &name, enum TYPES t):operands(t
 		case S_LOCAL:
 			if(locals.find(name)!=locals.end() ||
 				statics.find(name)!=statics.end() ) error(E_DUPLICATE_SYMBOL);
-			locals[name]=shared_ptr<variableType>(this);
+			locals[name]=unique_ptr<variableType>(this);
 			break;		
 		case S_GLOBAL:
 			if(globals.find(name)!=globals.end()) error(E_DUPLICATE_SYMBOL);
-			globals[name]=shared_ptr<variableType>(this);
+			globals[name]=unique_ptr<variableType>(this);
 			break;
 		case S_STATIC:
 			if(locals.find(name)!=locals.end() ||
 				statics.find(name)!=statics.end() ) error(E_DUPLICATE_SYMBOL);
-			statics[name]=shared_ptr<variableType>(this);
+			statics[name]=unique_ptr<variableType>(this);
 			break;
 		default:
 			error(E_INTERNAL);
 	}
 }
 
-shared_ptr<variableType> variableType::getOrCreateVar(string &name, enum TYPES t)
+variableType *variableType::getOrCreateVar(string &name, enum TYPES t)
 {
 	if (!scopeGlobal)
 	{
 		auto i=locals.find(name);
-		if(i!=locals.end())return i->second;
+		if(i!=locals.end())return i->second.get();
 		i=statics.find(name);
-		if(i!=statics.end())return i->second;
+		if(i!=statics.end())return i->second.get();
 	}
-	if (globals.find(name)!=globals.end())return globals[name];
-	shared_ptr<variableType>v=shared_ptr<variableType>(new variableType(
-		scopeGlobal?S_GLOBAL:S_LOCAL, name, t));
+	if (globals.find(name)!=globals.end())return globals[name].get();
+	variableType *v=new variableType(scopeGlobal?S_GLOBAL:S_LOCAL, name, t);
 	v->generateBox(scopeGlobal?S_GLOBAL:S_LOCAL);
 	return v;
 }
 
-void variableType::assignment(shared_ptr<expression>value)
+void variableType::assignment(expression *value)
 {
-	shared_ptr<operands>op=value->evaluate();
+	operands *op=value->evaluate();
 	enum TYPES t=op->getSimpleVarType();
 	switch (this->getType())
 	{
@@ -389,9 +519,11 @@ void variableType::assignment(shared_ptr<expression>value)
 				<< op->boxName() << ";\n";
 			break;
 	}
+	op->dispose();
+	delete value;
 }
 
-string arrayType::boxName(list<shared_ptr<operands> >indexes)
+string arrayType::boxName(list<operands *>indexes)
 {
 	ostringstream out;
 	auto i=indexes.begin();
@@ -436,11 +568,10 @@ arrayType::arrayType(string &name, enum TYPES t, list<unsigned int>dim):
 	this->dimensions=dim;
 }
 
-void arrayType::assignment(list<shared_ptr<expression> >indexes,
-	shared_ptr<expression>value)
+void arrayType::assignment(list<expression *>indexes, expression *value)
 {
-	list<shared_ptr<operands>>x;
-	shared_ptr<operands>op=value->evaluate();
+	list<operands *>x;
+	operands *op=value->evaluate();
 	enum TYPES t=op->getSimpleVarType();
 	auto i=indexes.begin();
 	while(i!=indexes.end())
@@ -470,4 +601,6 @@ void arrayType::assignment(list<shared_ptr<expression> >indexes,
 		error(E_INTERNAL);
 	}
 	output_cpp << this->boxName(x) << '=' << op->boxName() <<";\n";
+	op->dispose();
+	delete value;
 }
diff --git a/yabFunctions.cpp b/yabFunctions.cpp
index 4d7e3de..8269fe7 100644
--- a/yabFunctions.cpp
+++ b/yabFunctions.cpp
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 #include "yab2cpp.h"
 
 /* static initializers */
-unordered_map<string, shared_ptr<fn> > fn::functions;
-list<shared_ptr<fn> >fn::callStack;
+unordered_map<string, unique_ptr<fn> > fn::functions;
+list<fn *>fn::callStack;
 unsigned int fn::nextID=0;
 
 /* function definitions */
@@ -29,50 +29,48 @@ void fn::dumpCallStack()
 	} while(i!=callStack.rend());
 }
 
-shared_ptr<fn>fn::getCurrentSub()
+fn *fn::getCurrentSub()
 {
-	list<shared_ptr<fn> >callStack;
 	return callStack.back();
 }
 
-void fn::generateOnNSub(shared_ptr<expression>e, unsigned int skip)
+void fn::generateOnNSub(expression *e, unsigned int skip)
 {
-	shared_ptr<label>r=shared_ptr<label>(new label());
-	shared_ptr<fn> self=shared_ptr<fn>(new fn(r));
+	label *r=new label();
+	fn *self=new fn(r);
 	fn::callStack.push_back(self);
 	label::generateOnNTo(e, skip);
 	r->generate();
 }
 
-void fn::generateGosub(shared_ptr<label> sub)
+void fn::generateGosub(label *sub)
 {
-	shared_ptr<label>r=shared_ptr<label>(new label());
-	shared_ptr<fn> self=shared_ptr<fn>(new fn(r));
+	label *r=new label();
+	fn *self=new fn(r);
 	fn::callStack.push_back(self);
 	sub->generateJumpTo();
 	r->generate();
 }
 
-fn::fn(shared_ptr<label>gosub):codeType(T_GOSUB)
+fn::fn(label *gosub):codeType(T_GOSUB)
 {
 	this->funcName="unnamed gosub";
 	this->ret=gosub;
 }
 
-shared_ptr<fn> fn::getSub(string &name)
+fn *fn::getSub(string &name)
 {
 	auto iter=fn::functions.find(name);
-	if(iter==fn::functions.end()) return NULL;
-	return iter->second;
+	if(iter==fn::functions.end()) return nullptr;
+	return iter->second.get();
 }
 
-shared_ptr<operands>fn::generateCall(string &name,
-	list<shared_ptr<operands> >&paramList)
+operands *fn::generateCall(string &name, list<operands *>&paramList)
 {
 	auto v=params.begin();
-	shared_ptr<operands>current;
-	shared_ptr<fn>g=fn::getSub(name);
-	if (g==NULL)
+	operands *current;
+	fn *g=fn::getSub(name);
+	if (g==nullptr)
 	{
 		error(E_SUBROUTINE_NOT_FOUND);
 	}
@@ -95,8 +93,7 @@ shared_ptr<operands>fn::generateCall(string &name,
 		{
 			error(E_TYPE_MISMATCH);
 		}
-		(*v)->assignment(shared_ptr<expression>(
-			new expression(current)));
+		(*v)->assignment(new expression(current));
 		++v;
 	}
 	/* pad remaining unassigned variables with empty values */
@@ -105,22 +102,13 @@ shared_ptr<operands>fn::generateCall(string &name,
 		switch ((*v)->getType())
 		{
 			case T_FLOATVAR:
-				(*v)->assignment(shared_ptr<expression>(
-					new expression(
-						shared_ptr<constOp>(new constOp("0.0", T_FLOAT))
-					)));
+				(*v)->assignment(new expression(new constOp("0.0", T_FLOAT)));
 				break;
 			case T_INTVAR:
-				(*v)->assignment(shared_ptr<expression>(
-					new expression(
-						shared_ptr<constOp>(new constOp("0", T_INT))
-					)));
+				(*v)->assignment(new expression(new constOp("0", T_INT)));
 				break;
 			case T_STRINGVAR:
-				(*v)->assignment(shared_ptr<expression>(
-					new expression(
-						shared_ptr<constOp>(new constOp("", T_STRING))
-					)));
+				(*v)->assignment(new expression(new constOp("", T_STRING)));
 			default:
 				error(E_INTERNAL);
 		}
@@ -133,7 +121,7 @@ shared_ptr<operands>fn::generateCall(string &name,
 
 void fn::generateReturn()
 {
-	shared_ptr<fn>c=getCurrentSub();
+	fn *c=getCurrentSub();
 	switch(c->getType())
 	{
 		case T_UNKNOWNFUNC:
@@ -149,12 +137,13 @@ void fn::generateReturn()
 	}
 }
 
-void fn::generateReturn(shared_ptr<expression>expr)
+void fn::generateReturn(expression *expr)
 {
 	this->rc=expr->evaluate();
 	this->kind=rc->getSimpleVarType();
 	this->ret->generateJumpTo();
 	fn::callStack.pop_back();
+	delete expr;
 	switch (this->getType())
 	{
 		case T_UNKNOWNFUNC:
@@ -198,7 +187,7 @@ void fn::close()
 	scopeGlobal=true;
 }
 
-fn::fn(string &s, enum CODES t, shared_ptr<operands>returnCode):codeType(t)
+fn::fn(string &s, enum CODES t, operands *returnCode):codeType(t)
 {
 	/*check for nesting error */
 	if (!scopeGlobal) error(E_END_FUNCTION);
@@ -209,14 +198,14 @@ fn::fn(string &s, enum CODES t, shared_ptr<operands>returnCode):codeType(t)
 	/*define storage for locals*/
 	funcs_h << "struct f" << this->id <<"\n{\n";
 	/*define label space for return*/
-	this->ret=shared_ptr<label>(new label());
+	this->ret=new label();
 	/*allocate function name*/
-	fn::functions[s]=shared_ptr<fn>(this);
+	fn::functions[s]=unique_ptr<fn>(this);
 	/* initiate local scope */
 	scopeGlobal=false;
 	/*keep track of where the return code will be sent to*/
 	this->rc=returnCode;
 	/*allocate and generate start address label*/
-	this->startAddr=shared_ptr<label>(new label());
+	this->startAddr=new label();
 	startAddr->generate();
 }
diff --git a/yabIO.cpp b/yabIO.cpp
index 1fb1eb8..76ba723 100644
--- a/yabIO.cpp
+++ b/yabIO.cpp
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 */
 #include "yab2cpp.h"
 
-printSegment::printSegment(shared_ptr<expression>e, enum SEPARATORS s)
+printSegment::printSegment(expression *e, enum SEPARATORS s)
 {
 	cargo=e;
 	sep=s;
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ void printSegment::generate()
 {
 	if (cargo!=NULL)
 	{
-		shared_ptr<operands>op=cargo->evaluate();
+		operands *op=cargo->evaluate();
 		switch (op->getSimpleVarType())
 		{
 		case T_STRINGVAR:
-			output_cpp << "printf(\"%s\", " << op->boxName() << ");\n";
+			output_cpp << "puts(" << op->boxName() << ");\n";
 			break;
 		case T_INTVAR:
 			output_cpp << "printf(\"%d\", " << op->boxName() << ");\n";