commit cf3a03350c0047a09baf4d98f0a88eb8f48bcbb0 Author: yann64 Date: Sun Oct 11 15:50:14 2026 +0200 Hugo site: layouts, config and pilot content Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01YDRjtmAiNpo5mK5N3d7QwZ diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3b3c8b1d --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +/public/ +/resources/_gen/ +.hugo_build.lock +__pycache__/ diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1aa6c8c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +OC ?= ../oc + +.PHONY: content build check serve + +content: ## regenerate content/ and static/media/ from the extraction repo + python3 $(OC)/scripts/05_hugo.py --target $(CURDIR) + +build: ## build the site into public/ + rm -rf public + hugo --panicOnWarning --minify + +check: build ## build, then verify every internal link and image + python3 tools/check_links.py public + +serve: ## local preview on http://localhost:1313 + hugo server diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cb4a49bf --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +# old-computers.com — static site + +Static rebuild of old-computers.com with [Hugo](https://gohugo.io/) (0.158 or newer, tested with +0.167). The content is recovered from the Wayback Machine by the extraction repository +(`../oc`), which generates part of this one. + +| Path | Origin | +|---|---| +| `content/{museum,machine-tabs,companies,software,history,magazine,fun}/` | generated, replaced on every `make content` | +| `static/media/` | generated (copied images and documents) | +| `data/slugs.json` | generated, keeps URLs stable between runs — do not delete | +| `content/_index.md`, `layouts/`, `assets/`, `hugo.toml`, `tools/` | written by hand | +| `public/` | build output, not versioned | + +## Usage + + make content # regenerate from ../oc (OC=path to use another location) + make build # build into public/ + make check # build + verify every internal link and image + make serve # preview on http://localhost:1313 + +The site uses relative URLs, so `public/` can be served from any directory of a web server. diff --git a/assets/css/main.css b/assets/css/main.css new file mode 100644 index 00000000..afea00b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/css/main.css @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +:root { + --bg: #f6f3ea; + --panel: #fffdf7; + --text: #24221d; + --muted: #6b665a; + --line: #d9d2bf; + --accent: #9a3412; + --header: #2b2a26; + --header-text: #f6f3ea; +} +@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { + :root { + --bg: #1b1a17; + --panel: #24231f; + --text: #e8e4d8; + --muted: #a39d8d; + --line: #3b3932; + --accent: #f0a070; + --header: #111110; + --header-text: #e8e4d8; + } +} +* { box-sizing: border-box; } +body { + margin: 0; + background: var(--bg); + color: var(--text); + font: 16px/1.55 system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", sans-serif; +} +a { color: var(--accent); } +img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; } +main, .site-footer { max-width: 1000px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 16px; } +h1 { font-size: 1.7rem; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0.3em 0 0.6em; } +h2 { font-size: 1.2rem; margin: 1.6em 0 0.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); padding-bottom: 4px; } +small, .meta, .note, .crumbs { color: var(--muted); } +.crumbs { font-size: 0.9rem; margin: 0; } + +.site-header { + background: var(--header); + color: var(--header-text); + display: flex; + flex-wrap: wrap; + gap: 8px 24px; + align-items: center; + padding: 10px 16px; +} +.site-header a { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; } +.brand { font-family: ui-monospace, "Courier New", monospace; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 1px; } +.brand span { opacity: 0.6; } +.site-header nav { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 4px 16px; } +.site-header nav a { opacity: 0.8; padding: 2px 0; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; } +.site-header nav a:hover, .site-header nav a.active { opacity: 1; border-color: var(--accent); } +.site-footer { color: var(--muted); font-size: 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); margin-top: 32px; } + +.content { overflow-wrap: anywhere; } +.content table { max-width: 100%; } +.logo { max-height: 48px; width: auto; vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 12px; background: #fff; padding: 2px; } +.main-image { float: right; max-width: 45%; margin: 0 0 12px 16px; } +@media (max-width: 600px) { .main-image { float: none; max-width: 100%; margin: 0 0 12px; display: block; } } + +.tabs { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 4px; margin: 0 0 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); } +.tabs a { + padding: 6px 12px; + text-decoration: none; + color: var(--text); + border: 1px solid transparent; + border-bottom: 0; + border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0; +} +.tabs a:hover { background: var(--panel); } +.tabs a.active { background: var(--panel); border-color: var(--line); font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: -1px; } + +table { border-collapse: collapse; } +.specs, .list { width: 100%; clear: both; margin: 16px 0; background: var(--panel); } +.specs th, .specs td, .list td { padding: 6px 10px; border: 1px solid var(--line); text-align: left; vertical-align: top; } +.specs th { width: 30%; font-size: 0.8rem; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: var(--muted); } +.list { table-layout: fixed; } +.list td:first-child { width: 45%; } +.list td:nth-child(2) { width: 12%; } +.list td:nth-child(4) { width: 15%; } +.list { font-size: 0.95rem; } +@media (max-width: 600px) { .list td:nth-child(4) { display: none; } } + +.gallery { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(260px, 1fr)); gap: 16px; } +.gallery figure, .thumbs a, .card, .comments li { + margin: 0; + background: var(--panel); + border: 1px solid var(--line); + border-radius: 4px; + padding: 10px; +} +.gallery img { display: block; margin: 0 auto 8px; } +.gallery figcaption strong, .gallery figcaption em { display: block; } +.gallery figcaption div { font-size: 0.9rem; margin-top: 6px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; } + +.thumbs, .cards { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(150px, 1fr)); gap: 12px; } +.thumbs a, .card { text-decoration: none; color: var(--text); display: block; } +.thumbs img { display: block; width: 100%; height: 120px; object-fit: cover; margin-bottom: 6px; } +.thumbs span, .card span { font-size: 0.85rem; color: var(--muted); display: block; } +.card strong { display: block; color: var(--accent); } + +.browse, .letters { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 6px 14px; padding: 0; list-style: none; } +.columns { columns: 220px; padding-left: 18px; } +.links { padding-left: 18px; } +.entries dt { font-weight: 600; margin-top: 12px; } +.entries dd { margin: 2px 0 0; } +.timeline { list-style: none; padding: 0; } +.timeline li { padding: 6px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 4px 12px; } +.timeline time { min-width: 130px; color: var(--muted); font-size: 0.85rem; text-transform: uppercase; } +.comments { list-style: none; padding: 0; } +.comments li { margin-bottom: 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; } +.comments .meta { margin: 0 0 6px; font-size: 0.9rem; } +.prev-next { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; gap: 16px; margin-top: 24px; } diff --git a/content/_index.md b/content/_index.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8aa9c0cb --- /dev/null +++ b/content/_index.md @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +--- +title: Old-Computers.com +--- +Old-Computers.com was an online museum of home computers, video game consoles and pong +systems. The original site went offline after being defaced. This is a static rebuild of its +content, recovered from the [Internet Archive Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/2023/http://www.old-computers.com/). diff --git a/content/companies/_index.html b/content/companies/_index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b158d438 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/companies/_index.html @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +{ + "title": "Companies" +} + + diff --git a/content/companies/apple.html b/content/companies/apple.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9b5574a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/companies/apple.html @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +{ + "title": "Apple", + "params": { + "logo": "/media/museum/logos/apple_logo.gif", + "machines": [ + "/museum/apple-ii" + ], + "oc_id": 8, + "source": null + } +} + + diff --git a/content/companies/commodore.html b/content/companies/commodore.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8b8b6635 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/companies/commodore.html @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +{ + "title": "Commodore", + "params": { + "logo": "/media/museum/logos/commodore_logo.gif", + "machines": [ + "/museum/commodore-c64" + ], + "oc_id": 26, + "source": null + } +} + + diff --git a/content/companies/kaypro.html b/content/companies/kaypro.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..60cbdbe9 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/companies/kaypro.html @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +{ + "title": "Kaypro", + "params": { + "logo": "/media/museum/logos/kaypro_logo.gif", + "machines": [ + "/museum/kaypro-pc-286i" + ], + "oc_id": 92, + "source": null + } +} + + diff --git a/content/companies/magnavox.html b/content/companies/magnavox.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fb0733e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/companies/magnavox.html @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +{ + "title": "MAGNAVOX", + "params": { + "machines": [ + "/museum/magnavox-odyssey", + "/museum/magnavox-odyssey-100" + ], + "oc_id": 246, + "source": null + } +} + + diff --git a/content/companies/nec.html b/content/companies/nec.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e73f959a --- /dev/null +++ b/content/companies/nec.html @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +{ + "title": "NEC", + "params": { + "logo": "/media/museum/logos/nec_logo.gif", + "machines": [ + "/museum/nec-pc-6601" + ], + "oc_id": 90, + "source": null + } +} + + diff --git a/content/fun/_index.html b/content/fun/_index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..49289079 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/_index.html @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +{ + "title": "Fun" +} + + diff --git a/content/fun/a-handle-for-the-pet.html b/content/fun/a-handle-for-the-pet.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7950c02f --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/a-handle-for-the-pet.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "A HANDLE FOR THE PET", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_poignee-pet.gif", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 42, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20050227123834/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=42", + "date": "2005-02-27" + } + } +} + +

A french guy invented a handle for its Commodore PET computer. He used the electric cord of his washing machine...

diff --git a/content/fun/anorexic-billou.html b/content/fun/anorexic-billou.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7f4c4c90 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/anorexic-billou.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "ANOREXIC BILLOU", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_billou_anorexic.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 20, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20090827141722/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=20", + "date": "2009-08-27" + } + } +} + +

At the begining of the 80's, Billou and Kayes Nishi give birth to the MSX standard.

They are getting very well together even if Bill suffers from anorexy at that time...

diff --git a/content/fun/applemania.html b/content/fun/applemania.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8d50dd9e --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/applemania.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "APPLEMANIA", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_applemania.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 11, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032010/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=11", + "date": "2020-11-09" + } + } +} + +

diff --git a/content/fun/as-fast-as-a-quick-disk-drive.html b/content/fun/as-fast-as-a-quick-disk-drive.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d84529ee --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/as-fast-as-a-quick-disk-drive.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "AS FAST AS A QUICK DISK DRIVE...", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_thomson_qdd.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 19, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220930085821/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=19", + "date": "2022-09-30" + } + } +} + +

Thomson presents its new drive extension, the QDD (Quick Disk Drive). It's a kind of mixture between a disk drive and a tape-recorder.

Conclusion : 38kb in 46 secondes, wooaaa, very impressive indeed ! Even back then, it was bad. The young middle-class man, who owns a superb watch matched with its shirt, has chosen to keep is helmet on in case the beast would explode. Wise decision...

diff --git a/content/fun/asteroids-rulez-1010.html b/content/fun/asteroids-rulez-1010.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7ec6451b --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/asteroids-rulez-1010.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Asteroids rulez !", + "collections": [ + "E-cards" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/ecards/stamp_asteroids_rule.jpg", + "group": "E-cards", + "oc_id": 1010, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211026024948/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/v_ecards.asp?c=10", + "date": "2021-10-26" + } + } +} + +

diff --git a/content/fun/asteroids-rulez.html b/content/fun/asteroids-rulez.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..503a2d57 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/asteroids-rulez.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "ASTEROIDS RULEZ !", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_asteroids_rule.gif", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 6, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20041009200335/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=6", + "date": "2004-10-09" + } + } +} + +

This week, a real cool picture ! While the girl (but is it really a woman ?) try to understand how to play Asteroids, her ridiculous mate attempts to **** her. Impressive !

diff --git a/content/fun/atari-aerobics.html b/content/fun/atari-aerobics.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..73fc3ab4 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/atari-aerobics.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "ATARI AEROBICS", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_atari_aerobic.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 23, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20050510154805/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=23", + "date": "2005-05-10" + } + } +} + +

Atari tries to convince women to buy their computers...

Crap! To reach their goal they communicate on a very fashionable subject of that time, the aerobics of course !

We'll notice some funny details :

To knidle us, she left her bra on the wall (left to the aerial).

Once more, they take the piss out of us : only one cable to power up the computer, connect the TV and the disk-drive... they go too far !

Apparently, she just put her left foot into the disk-drive. It is all tense, her hair is all tousled and she's got black eyes. It's clear that she just had a painfull experience...

In conclusion, I'll say that her pants are falling off.

diff --git a/content/fun/atari-promotional-clothes.html b/content/fun/atari-promotional-clothes.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7f92e962 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/atari-promotional-clothes.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "ATARI PROMOTIONAL CLOTHES", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_atari_promo_1.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 47, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220510163517/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=47", + "date": "2022-05-10" + } + } +} + +

Extract from the text:

"SHIMMEL. This half t-shirt, or shimmel, is a popular item. Super comfortable for exercise, it provides the wearer completely unrestricted movement. The Atari shimmel is made from a poly/cotton blend and is a must for any real video athlete."

diff --git a/content/fun/atari-they-laughed.html b/content/fun/atari-they-laughed.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..698892bb --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/atari-they-laughed.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "ATARI - THEY LAUGHED...", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_atari_great_laugh.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 43, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20050227123205/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=43", + "date": "2005-02-27" + } + } +} + +

- Thanks to Olivier Jourdanet for this scan! -

diff --git a/content/fun/atari-tt-030.html b/content/fun/atari-tt-030.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e43b33ab --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/atari-tt-030.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Atari TT 030", + "collections": [ + "E-cards" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/ecards/stamp_tt.jpg", + "group": "E-cards", + "oc_id": 1006, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210805150224/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/v_ecards.asp?c=6", + "date": "2021-08-05" + } + } +} + +

diff --git a/content/fun/atari-vcs-2600-bike-model.html b/content/fun/atari-vcs-2600-bike-model.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5345fc45 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/atari-vcs-2600-bike-model.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Atari VCS-2600 / bike model", + "collections": [ + "E-cards" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/ecards/stamp_aerobic_bike.jpg", + "group": "E-cards", + "oc_id": 1017, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211026031148/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/v_ecards.asp?c=17", + "date": "2021-10-26" + } + } +} + +

diff --git a/content/fun/barbie-and-ken-play-the-intellivision.html b/content/fun/barbie-and-ken-play-the-intellivision.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f4a66864 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/barbie-and-ken-play-the-intellivision.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "BARBIE AND KEN PLAY THE INTELLIVISION", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_barbie_and_ken.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 15, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20191023073003/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=15", + "date": "2019-10-23" + } + } +} + +

Yes, you are not dreaming !! Barbie and Ken are relaxing playing Intellivision. This is a scoop and it's amazing !

Look carefully at the controllers, they are white and gold but are very similar to the Intellivision ones : disc, lateral fire buttons and numeric keypad.

The console is bigger but gold and "wood-grained" ! But the best detail is the game they're playing. If you look carefully at the screen, you can see the game : it is Star Strike !

In fact, it's normal that Barbie and Ken have fun with the Intellivision, they have the same boss : Mattel !!

diff --git a/content/fun/commodore-64.html b/content/fun/commodore-64.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ca644513 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/commodore-64.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Commodore 64", + "collections": [ + "E-cards" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/ecards/stamp_c64.jpg", + "group": "E-cards", + "oc_id": 1004, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210805150209/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/v_ecards.asp?c=4", + "date": "2021-08-05" + } + } +} + +

diff --git a/content/fun/computer-history.html b/content/fun/computer-history.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..409b272d --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/computer-history.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Computer History", + "collections": [ + "E-cards" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/ecards/ecard_computer-history.jpg", + "group": "E-cards", + "oc_id": 1019, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210805150158/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/v_ecards.asp?c=19", + "date": "2021-08-05" + } + } +} + +

diff --git a/content/fun/computer-scientist-wanted.html b/content/fun/computer-scientist-wanted.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..71a33d91 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/computer-scientist-wanted.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "COMPUTER SCIENTIST WANTED !", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_wanted.gif", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 12, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20070510105554/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=12", + "date": "2007-05-10" + } + } +} + +

"Becomes the one that the companies look for !"

This was how a french advert from the 80's praised the qualities of a computing school. Impressive...

diff --git a/content/fun/dai-portable-system.html b/content/fun/dai-portable-system.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ff78fd22 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/dai-portable-system.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "DAI PORTABLE SYSTEM", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_dai-tallar.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 32, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20070525112926/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=32", + "date": "2007-05-25" + } + } +} + +

This proud man carrying is mighty portable computer is Alain Tailliar, chief editor of TeleSoft, an early french computer magazine from the 80's. He is handsome, strong, proud and he looks far in front of him into the future... But there is a strong contrast between the visionary concept behind the picture and the fact that walking in the street with a DAI computer under the arm is not cool at all !

diff --git a/content/fun/do-i-really-look-that-stupid.html b/content/fun/do-i-really-look-that-stupid.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..697477eb --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/do-i-really-look-that-stupid.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "DO I REALLY LOOK THAT STUPID ?", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_vic20_youngster.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 21, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20050426065854/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=21", + "date": "2005-04-26" + } + } +} + +

I looks like they used a brainless kid for this picture... He's got an idiot smile and he's staring at something straight ahead, far away outside the picture... In fact he doesn't care at all about what's going on the screen.

He has his hands on the keyboard (looks like someone just placed his hands there), but the running program apparently doesn't need any interaction from the user (it's a demo tape).

Last, but not least, his head seems out of proportion with his body... no ?

diff --git a/content/fun/dumb-terminal.html b/content/fun/dumb-terminal.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a9e79f90 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/dumb-terminal.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "DUMB TERMINAL", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_dumb-terminal.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 56, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220703053232/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=56", + "date": "2022-07-03" + } + } +} + +

Which one is dumb ?

- Thanks to Orion Young for this scan -

diff --git a/content/fun/french-pong-advert.html b/content/fun/french-pong-advert.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b809eaef --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/french-pong-advert.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "FRENCH PONG ADVERT", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_french-pong.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 46, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20100220023028/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=46", + "date": "2010-02-20" + } + } +} + +

En France aussi, on sait s'amuser!

diff --git a/content/fun/german-couple-in-bed.html b/content/fun/german-couple-in-bed.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..50cb9d0b --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/german-couple-in-bed.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "GERMAN COUPLE IN BED", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/500x_nerdzeugung.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 58, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210802163321/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=58", + "date": "2021-08-02" + } + } +} + +

Ahhh, the pleasures of the 80's. In bed with your beautiful German wife and your sexy C64 toy. What a night to remember...

- taken from Gizmodo -

diff --git a/content/fun/happy-lawyers.html b/content/fun/happy-lawyers.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..aa381ee0 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/happy-lawyers.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "HAPPY LAWYERS", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_tandy-trs80m3_avocats.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 34, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20030118082346/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=34", + "date": "2003-01-18" + } + } +} + +

Thanks to their brand new Tandy TRS-80 Model III computer, these three lawyers stopped losing 3000 Euros worth of fees ! Indeed, the advert explains that when they were calculating the fees themselves they found 30000 FF, whereas the computer calculated 50000 FF ! As a result, they sacked their secretary and bought a TRS-80...

Notice the (very) old books in the background. It is well known that good lawyers never use modern books...

diff --git a/content/fun/heartless-compaq.html b/content/fun/heartless-compaq.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b6c7a9c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/heartless-compaq.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "HEARTLESS COMPAQ", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_compaq_deskpro_pub_impitoyable.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 53, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220426125849/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=53", + "date": "2022-04-26" + } + } +} + +

"Compaq Deskpro. The heartless computer"

This is a reference to the famous TV serie of the time: Dallas. The french song sang : "Dallas, your heartless universe...". Compaq tried to take advantage of the winning America image given by the serie.

Bottom of page reads : "Compaq. The computer which thrills America"

diff --git a/content/fun/heathkit-happyness.html b/content/fun/heathkit-happyness.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..34b558ea --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/heathkit-happyness.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "HEATHKIT HAPPYNESS", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_heathkit_1.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 50, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220510163534/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=50", + "date": "2022-05-10" + } + } +} + +

diff --git a/content/fun/hewlett-packard-hp-120.html b/content/fun/hewlett-packard-hp-120.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b478f0cf --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/hewlett-packard-hp-120.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Hewlett Packard HP 120", + "collections": [ + "E-cards" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/ecards/stamp_hp.jpg", + "group": "E-cards", + "oc_id": 1005, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210805150207/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/v_ecards.asp?c=5", + "date": "2021-08-05" + } + } +} + +

diff --git a/content/fun/i-just-come-back-from-jogging.html b/content/fun/i-just-come-back-from-jogging.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2eb029ae --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/i-just-come-back-from-jogging.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "I JUST COME BACK FROM JOGGING", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_ti99_advert1.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 29, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20050302192925/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=29", + "date": "2005-03-02" + } + } +} + +

Isn't this a stupid scan ?!

This is a 1983 advertisement for the Texas-Instrument TI-99 4/A.

The poor guy is ridiculous and his position is just worse. I even wonder if he hasn't got a wig... I don't even talk about his headband, this is the icing on the cake ! And aboveall, by looking at his face, it seems like he doesn't undestand what's going on the screen.

Let's talk about the kid : his little pink jacket is soooo cool, and his yellow shirt is buttoned right up to the neck.

It's a good job that he's pressing the FCTN key, otherwise the program couldn't work...

Once again, they think we are idiots, since there are no cables going out of the computer.
Last thing : the melody on screen is crap (rising scale).

diff --git a/content/fun/ibm-pc.html b/content/fun/ibm-pc.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f9de686d --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/ibm-pc.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "IBM PC", + "collections": [ + "E-cards" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/ecards/stamp_ibm.jpg", + "group": "E-cards", + "oc_id": 1003, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210805150204/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/v_ecards.asp?c=3", + "date": "2021-08-05" + } + } +} + +

diff --git a/content/fun/indian-computer-shop.html b/content/fun/indian-computer-shop.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..55dc0ecc --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/indian-computer-shop.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "INDIAN COMPUTER SHOP", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_good-guys-wear-white.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 55, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220418105736/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=55", + "date": "2022-04-18" + } + } +} + +

- Thanks to Orion Young for this scan -

diff --git a/content/fun/jonathan-stanislas.html b/content/fun/jonathan-stanislas.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cee3f423 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/jonathan-stanislas.html @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +{ + "title": "Jonathan & Stanislas", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 25, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20020325114909/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=25", + "date": "2002-03-25" + } + } +} + +

diff --git a/content/fun/jonhatan-and-stanlislas.html b/content/fun/jonhatan-and-stanlislas.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bdbbb35f --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/jonhatan-and-stanlislas.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Jonhatan and Stanlislas", + "collections": [ + "E-cards" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/ecards/stamp_jonathan_stanislas.jpg", + "group": "E-cards", + "oc_id": 1011, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211026013543/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/v_ecards.asp?c=11", + "date": "2021-10-26" + } + } +} + +

diff --git a/content/fun/leave-me-some-room.html b/content/fun/leave-me-some-room.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c8bff613 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/leave-me-some-room.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "LEAVE ME SOME ROOM!", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_moustachu_1.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 37, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20030504131603/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=37", + "date": "2003-05-04" + } + } +} + +

This man is leaving no room to the woman on the desk... After all she is only working with a pen and a paper, whereas this guy has a brand new computer! Was the communication message "computers are too complicated for women" ?!

diff --git a/content/fun/mr-pocket.html b/content/fun/mr-pocket.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5c4a4825 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/mr-pocket.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "MR POCKET", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_mr-illel.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 35, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230111193111/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=35", + "date": "2023-01-11" + } + } +} + +

This guy smoked too many memory sticks !

diff --git a/content/fun/nes-box.html b/content/fun/nes-box.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9199fd92 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/nes-box.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "NES BOX", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_nesbox.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 38, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210414045000/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=38", + "date": "2021-04-14" + } + } +} + +

This picture was scanned from the NES box.

It would seem that they felt it necessary to take the controller cables, run them behind the NES and television, under the table and then up to the boys so as not to have any messy cables showing.

I don't see how anyone would want to hold the controllers like that when they are playing. They must have no clue what they are doing. The way they have their hands cupped on the game pads, it would be an awkward reach to press the A and B buttons. Of course, then there's the fact that the kid in the blue shirt probably has the worst view of the screen of the bunch and he's supposed to be a player.

- Thanks to Matthew S. Carpenter for this stupid scan -

diff --git a/content/fun/odyssey-1-french-advert.html b/content/fun/odyssey-1-french-advert.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3b21b295 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/odyssey-1-french-advert.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "ODYSSEY 1 FRENCH ADVERT", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_odyssey1_advert.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 18, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20020829205757/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=18", + "date": "2002-08-29" + } + } +} + +

Here is the french advert for the first video-game system, conceived by Magnavox. Read carefully every line of text (if you read french), it's very funny and it helps to imagine how this new technology was seen at that time.

Please note the little jerk pointing the TV at his parents just in case they hadn't noticed it yet...

- Thanks to David Winter for this picture -

diff --git a/content/fun/old-computers-com-artwork.html b/content/fun/old-computers-com-artwork.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e3171ee7 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/old-computers-com-artwork.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM artwork", + "collections": [ + "E-cards" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/ecards/ecard_misc_old-computers.jpg", + "group": "E-cards", + "oc_id": 1018, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220715131109/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/v_ecards.asp?c=18", + "date": "2022-07-15" + } + } +} + +

diff --git a/content/fun/portable-osborne-1.html b/content/fun/portable-osborne-1.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..81f65545 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/portable-osborne-1.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "PORTABLE OSBORNE 1", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_osborne1-woman.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 45, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20061106151504/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=45", + "date": "2006-11-06" + } + } +} + +

When you know that an Osborne 1 weights more than 10 Kg, this woman just ruined her shoulder... or the case is empty!

diff --git a/content/fun/prodigy-young-and-brilliant.html b/content/fun/prodigy-young-and-brilliant.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..66bf8a6e --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/prodigy-young-and-brilliant.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "PRODIGY : YOUNG AND BRILLIANT", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_prodigy_1.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 49, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220524220137/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=49", + "date": "2022-05-24" + } + } +} + +

diff --git a/content/fun/re-introducing-spectrum-games-on-amstrad-phones.html b/content/fun/re-introducing-spectrum-games-on-amstrad-phones.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4697dd0f --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/re-introducing-spectrum-games-on-amstrad-phones.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "RE-INTRODUCING SPECTRUM GAMES... ON AMSTRAD PHONES !", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_amstrad-phone.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 51, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220703061014/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=51", + "date": "2022-07-03" + } + } +} + +

"A home phone that allows you play games may seem unbelievable to most – but not to Amstrad. We have incorporated the ability to download and play great Sinclair ZX Spectrum games on to the e-mailerplus, allowing the user to choose and play classic games from its extensive library. You simply choose the game you wish to play from the games menu and download it to your machine. Each game is downloaded separately and is stored in your e-mailerplus for a fixed time period*. Several games can be stored at any one time, allowing you to swap between your favourite games at the touch of a button. With its large screen and easy-to-use keyboard, you really can have hours of fun.

And with a large library of games to choose from (and new ones being added regularly), you need never be bored on the phone again. You can even play a game while a phone call is in progress!"

diff --git a/content/fun/sharp-mz-80k.html b/content/fun/sharp-mz-80k.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..10099648 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/sharp-mz-80k.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Sharp MZ 80K", + "collections": [ + "E-cards" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/ecards/stamp_mz.jpg", + "group": "E-cards", + "oc_id": 1007, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210805150211/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/v_ecards.asp?c=7", + "date": "2021-08-05" + } + } +} + +

diff --git a/content/fun/something-s-wrong.html b/content/fun/something-s-wrong.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d08f3b9c --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/something-s-wrong.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "SOMETHING'S WRONG", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_portable.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 40, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20031023125016/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=40", + "date": "2003-10-23" + } + } +} + +

- Thanks to WWW.RICANER.COM for this picture -

diff --git a/content/fun/the-better-alternative.html b/content/fun/the-better-alternative.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5c19b213 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/the-better-alternative.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "THE BETTER ALTERNATIVE", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_sweden-commodore.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 44, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20061106151134/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=44", + "date": "2006-11-06" + } + } +} + +

This is an old swedish advert from Commodore, trying to convince parents that sitting in front of computers is something good for their children.

The text, translated to english, reads
Top picture:
- Where have you been?
- Out!
- What have you done?
- Nothing!

Botton picture:
- The better alternative!

- Thanks to Mattias Östergren for this scan -

diff --git a/content/fun/the-kitchen-computer.html b/content/fun/the-kitchen-computer.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..27ae83e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/the-kitchen-computer.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "THE KITCHEN COMPUTER", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_honeywell-cook_1.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 48, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220426125847/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=48", + "date": "2022-04-26" + } + } +} + +

And now something for the ladies. This odd-looking and almost laughable computer was released in 1965 by Honeywell under the official name H316 Pedestal Model, but was featured on the cover of a Nieman-Marcus catalog under its more commonly-known name, the "Kitchen Computer".

The Kitchen Computer is most likely where the classic recipe storage cliché originated, as this was the primary use advertised for the Kitchen Computer. In fact, storing recipes was about all the Kitchen Computer was capable of doing. The recipes were programmed into the computer and it would store them for you. In other words, it was an electronic recipe storage box, nothing more.

When one thinks of computer hardware, they often think of a monitor or a keyboard or a printer. Well, the Kitchen Computer has perhaps the oddest piece of "hardware" we have ever heard of -- a cutting board. Yes, a cutting board! This oddity was most likely added so the food could be prepared right there without having to walk away from the recipe display, considering the Kitchen Computer isn't as portable as a good old-fashioned cookbook (It weighed a staggering 150 pounds).

The Kitchen Computer was obviously geared towards housewives who loved to cook. However any housewives who wanted one of these had to shell out A LOT of green, considering the Kitchen Computer sold for $10,600 when it was first introduced (You could buy about four new cars for that much money in 1965!). This price tag included the built-in recipes, and also included a cookbook and an apron !!

- Thanks to Torin Darkflight for picture & info -

diff --git a/content/fun/the-result-was-2.html b/content/fun/the-result-was-2.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a671cc4e --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/the-result-was-2.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "THE RESULT WAS 2 !", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_result-was-2.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 54, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220426125848/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=54", + "date": "2022-04-26" + } + } +} + +

diff --git a/content/fun/the-silver-vic-owned-by-a-mime.html b/content/fun/the-silver-vic-owned-by-a-mime.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4aeb5b06 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/the-silver-vic-owned-by-a-mime.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "The Silver VIC owned by a mime !", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/commodore_vic20_silvervic_stupid.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 30, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20020225190729/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=30", + "date": "2002-02-25" + } + } +} + +

Incredible ! The Silver VIC commemorating the 2 millionth VIC-20 sold worldwide, was owned by a mime !!

diff --git a/content/fun/the-success-according-to-apple.html b/content/fun/the-success-according-to-apple.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8b72e869 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/the-success-according-to-apple.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "THE SUCCESS ACCORDING TO APPLE", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_apple-reussite_1.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 33, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20020427164253/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=33", + "date": "2002-04-27" + } + } +} + +

This man represents the success according to Apple. Thanks to its brand new Apple II computer, this young executive can now visualize his profits (see how the graph is rising!) on a tiny monochrome monitor and print them on an even smaller printer...

But there are other success symbols on this picture : a clean office for his own, high enough in the building (because the higher you are the more powerful you are!) and surrounded by modern high towers and buildings.

Let's face it : Apple uses all the symbols of the typical american success to sell its computers to the rest of the world... and it worked!

diff --git a/content/fun/thomson-you-make-me-micro.html b/content/fun/thomson-you-make-me-micro.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f1038042 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/thomson-you-make-me-micro.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "THOMSON, YOU MAKE ME MICRO", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_thomson_mo5_tu-me-rends-micro_1.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 52, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220426125846/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=52", + "date": "2022-04-26" + } + } +} + +

Yeah... you make me micro enough to try to fly with a MO5 on my back.
The guy on the picture died 5 minutes later after a 2000 feet fall...

diff --git a/content/fun/ti-99-4-a-advert.html b/content/fun/ti-99-4-a-advert.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..82e8272f --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/ti-99-4-a-advert.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "TI-99 4/A advert", + "collections": [ + "E-cards" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/ecards/stamp_ti99_advert1.jpg", + "group": "E-cards", + "oc_id": 1012, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211026024144/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/v_ecards.asp?c=12", + "date": "2021-10-26" + } + } +} + +

diff --git a/content/fun/to-chie-bas.html b/content/fun/to-chie-bas.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..82e3587b --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/to-chie-bas.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "TO CHIE BAS", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_toshiba_hx_10.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 7, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20030730143617/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=7", + "date": "2003-07-30" + } + } +} + +

Aren't these Japs ridiculous ? Sincerely I find their clothes super kewls, I want one like these...

This is a japonese advert from the 80's for the Toshiba MSX HX-10. I can't tell you what's written, but it looks good since they seem quite happy with it ! As usual with this kind of advert, they try to make us think that a computer doesn't need any cable to work...

diff --git a/content/fun/toshiba-hx-10-advert.html b/content/fun/toshiba-hx-10-advert.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f644a589 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/toshiba-hx-10-advert.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Toshiba HX-10 advert", + "collections": [ + "E-cards" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/ecards/stamp_toshiba_hx_10.jpg", + "group": "E-cards", + "oc_id": 1013, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211026033245/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/v_ecards.asp?c=13", + "date": "2021-10-26" + } + } +} + +

diff --git a/content/fun/vcs-2600-bike.html b/content/fun/vcs-2600-bike.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1222a691 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/vcs-2600-bike.html @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +{ + "title": "VCS-2600 bike", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 24, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20010830081937/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=24", + "date": "2001-08-30" + } + } +} + +

Believe it or not, this thing really existed ! You must pedal fast enough to keep the control of the joystick...Crazy !

I doubt they sold many of this one, as the kids didn't give a fuck about pedaling, and "pedaling people" didn't give a fuck about playing video-games...

diff --git a/content/fun/vic-20-promotional-picture.html b/content/fun/vic-20-promotional-picture.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ff4be59e --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/vic-20-promotional-picture.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "VIC-20 promotional picture", + "collections": [ + "E-cards" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/ecards/stamp_vic20_youngster.jpg", + "group": "E-cards", + "oc_id": 1014, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211026023159/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/v_ecards.asp?c=14", + "date": "2021-10-26" + } + } +} + +

diff --git a/content/fun/videopac-family-life.html b/content/fun/videopac-family-life.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0a99fc92 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/videopac-family-life.html @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +{ + "title": "Videopac family life", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 26, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20010830083056/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=26", + "date": "2001-08-30" + } + } +} + +

Today a beautiful family scene around a Philips Videopac G7000 system.

First indication : the family is happy, especially the mother who surely drank too much whisky, though she hasn't got any glass. On top of that, she seems to know video-games, looking at how she handles her joy stick...

The big brother, with his cool Mickey sweat-shirt, tries to understand what's going on the screen, whereas nobody cares.

The father, with its amazing bee jumper, tries to cheat by moving discreetly his token.

The little daughter is chasing flies or she's just a bit...idiot.

And, finally, the young brother, who have a slap head, reads a porno magazine ! No, I'm just jocking...

Second indication : it's a rich a meticulous family since they have plenty of Videopac cartridges, all well stored on the shelf and slightly tilted, enough so we can see them perfectly on the picture.

Last indication : the straw is very fashionable in the 80's. It's not the first time that it's used in computing adverts.

diff --git a/content/fun/videopac-family.html b/content/fun/videopac-family.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3c5e4b77 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/videopac-family.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Videopac family", + "collections": [ + "E-cards" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/ecards/stamp_videopac_family.jpg", + "group": "E-cards", + "oc_id": 1015, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211026032456/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/v_ecards.asp?c=15", + "date": "2021-10-26" + } + } +} + +

diff --git a/content/fun/welcome-to-someday.html b/content/fun/welcome-to-someday.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c2b8b7bc --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/welcome-to-someday.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "WELCOME TO SOMEDAY", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_welcometosomeday.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 39, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20080313005154/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=39", + "date": "2008-03-13" + } + } +} + +

This advert for Compuserve is dated 1982. Read the text... If it wasn't for the clothes & design, one could think it is a modern advert for Internet! Impressive.

diff --git a/content/fun/what-if.html b/content/fun/what-if.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..22cd588d --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/what-if.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "WHAT IF ?", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_whatif.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 41, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20050227123930/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=41", + "date": "2005-02-27" + } + } +} + +

What if my computer was really empty?!

This is a Visicalc advert dated from 1982.

diff --git a/content/fun/who-s-keeping-up-with-commodore.html b/content/fun/who-s-keeping-up-with-commodore.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e127c55a --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/who-s-keeping-up-with-commodore.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "WHO'S KEEPING UP WITH COMMODORE ?", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_commodore-executive-64.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 31, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040705/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=31", + "date": "2020-11-09" + } + } +} + +

This guy has so much power in his hands that he has attracted two girls (so far) in his swimming-pool !

Notice the classical symbol of the 80s adverts : the glass of orange juice with a straw...

- Thanks to Per Ericsson for the picture. -

diff --git a/content/fun/women-like-frogs.html b/content/fun/women-like-frogs.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e6a35de8 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/women-like-frogs.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "WOMEN LIKE FROGS !", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_intv_women.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 4, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20040423084924/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=4", + "date": "2004-04-23" + } + } +} + +

This is rare, two girls playing with a console, without a man nearby to explain them or to yell at them... They're playing with the well known frog game where you have to catch flies...a girly game in fact.

On the table there are 4 glasses for 3 persons, including 2 orange juices et 2 grape juices, quite weird ! What message the photograph wanted to tell us ? Surely something very important, because something else is strange : there is no cable between the Intellivision and the TV, but I don't know of any infra-red Intellivision... I think there's a real mystery behind this picture, something quite esoteric...

diff --git a/content/fun/yannick-noah-tennis.html b/content/fun/yannick-noah-tennis.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..15e443f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/yannick-noah-tennis.html @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +{ + "title": "Yannick Noah Tennis", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 28, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20020225185526/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=28", + "date": "2002-02-25" + } + } +} + +

Yannick Noah was a great french tennis player from the 80's, for those who didn't know...

This is an advert from 83 for the Home Arcade Advision, an Arcadia 2001 clone. You can't see clearly, but the cart label is completely fake. The real cartridge was surely not yet available when they took the picture...

The game itself is "Grand Slam Tennis", a well known game for the Arcadia. But in France, they called it the Yannick Noah Tennis, as he was in all its glory at this time ! Note that the screenshot is also completely fake.

Yannick is doing is most beautiful smile and the light from below, normaly reserved for scary movies, doesn't help to make him more attractive. Hopefuly, he's wearing a "Coq Sportif" shirt, jewel of the french textile industry.

Don't ask me who is the kid, it's just a blonde head, to sound "younger".

diff --git a/content/fun/zx-81-advert.html b/content/fun/zx-81-advert.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..425bce66 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/zx-81-advert.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "ZX-81 advert", + "collections": [ + "E-cards" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/ecards/stamp_zx81_fake.jpg", + "group": "E-cards", + "oc_id": 1016, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211026022223/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/v_ecards.asp?c=16", + "date": "2021-10-26" + } + } +} + +

diff --git a/content/fun/zx-81-high-technology.html b/content/fun/zx-81-high-technology.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a3c831fb --- /dev/null +++ b/content/fun/zx-81-high-technology.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "ZX-81 HIGH TECHNOLOGY", + "collections": [ + "Stupid scans" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/fun/stupid_scans/stupid_zx81_fake.jpg", + "group": "Stupid scans", + "oc_id": 27, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20071010103722/http://www.old-computers.com/fun/default.asp?s=27", + "date": "2007-10-10" + } + } +} + +

Today it's a ZX-81 add from 83

By looking closely you can notice that the program is directly drawn on the picture ! Of course the code is full of nonsense and mistakes.

The guy looks quite astonished by what he's seeing or maybe by its ZX-81 amazing extensions...

diff --git a/content/history/14-computerland-stores-already-opened.html b/content/history/14-computerland-stores-already-opened.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b2392603 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/14-computerland-stores-already-opened.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "14 COMPUTERLAND STORES ALREADY OPENED", + "date": "1977-08-01", + "years": [ + "1977" + ], + "topics": [ + "Companies" + ], + "params": { + "when": "AUGUST 1977", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0877_computerland_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 25, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210205161641/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=25", + "date": "2021-02-05" + } + } +} + +

The fate of Computerland is the fate of its leader William Millard. He is president of the IMSAI company in 1976 and sells ready to order computer kits based on the Intel 8080 microprocessor by mail. Sales are good and Millard wants to move beyond kits and sell a pre-assembled computer for better profits. To help sales, he decides to create chain stores specialized in computer sales and mostly IMSAI 8080's.

In February of 1977, the first Computer Shack store opens in Morristown, New Jersey and in March the first advert appears.

After litigation from Radio Shack, the chain is renamed ComputerLand. In August 1977, 14 stores are opened, 23 in November and several hundreds eventually open worldwide in the following years.

Unfortunately, Millard then makes the same mistake as Adam Osborne: he announces a new version of the IMSAI computer before it is ready at all. Customers massively return their IMSAI, sales collapse and ComputerLand is almost bankrupt.

Fortunately, Apple at the time is seeking distributors to increase sales of its Apple II. Success follows suit for ComputerLand as it will again for IBM's PC's eventually. Profits will rise each year and reach one billion dollars in 1984.

After that extraordinary year, trouble comes, resellers rebel and create an association to defend their interests, and several employees sue Millard for broken promises. The spirit of the company gone, Millard sells ComputerLand for 200 million dollars and leaves for good to an island in the Pacific Ocean. ComputerLand still exists as a company, and nowadays has about 200 resellers in the US.

diff --git a/content/history/4164.html b/content/history/4164.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8a4c3cde --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/4164.html @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +{ + "title": "4164", + "date": "1978-10-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "OCTOBER 1978", + "oc_id": 43, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=43", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

The 4164 was quite a mythical memory chip. It contained 65535 bits of RAM memory, four times more than its predecessor, the 4116. Eight chips were thus needed to obtain 64 Kbytes of RAM. After a short period of low sales level, the famous 8 x 4164 RAM chips equipped quite every computer which featured at least 64 KB of RAM.
>br> Texas Instruments launched the first samples of its TMS-4164 in late October 1978 at about... $170 per unit! However T.I. was not the first company to produce such chip. Japanese companies already manufactured the same chip for a few months, and the battle for international supremacy over RAM chips and computer components started with the 4164.
>br> First, sales of the chip were modest. About 36.000 were sold worldwide in 1978-79 but they rocketed to some 13 million units in 1980-81. The Japanese captured 70 percent of the market. Sale price went from over $100 to $25 then $5, and remained the same throughout the following years.

diff --git a/content/history/8008-microprocessor-released-by-intel.html b/content/history/8008-microprocessor-released-by-intel.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2244d4df --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/8008-microprocessor-released-by-intel.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "8008 MICROPROCESSOR RELEASED BY INTEL.", + "date": "1972-04-01", + "years": [ + "1972" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "APRIL 1972", + "image": "/media/history/images/intel_8008_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 69, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=69", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

Intel 8008 processor
The Intel 8008 was an early byte-oriented microprocessor designed and manufactured by Intel and introduced in April 1972. Originally known as the 1201, the chip was commissioned by Computer Terminal Corporation (CTC) to implement an instruction set designed for their Datapoint 2200 programmable terminal. As the chip was delayed and did not meet CTC's performance goals, the 2200 ended up using CTC's own TTL based CPU instead. An agreement permitted Intel to market the chip to other customers after Seiko expressed an interest in using it for a calculator.

History
CTC formed in San Antonio in 1968 under the direction of Austin O. "Gus" Roche and Phil Ray, both NASA engineers. Roche, in particular, was primarily interested in producing a desktop computer. However, given the immaturity of the market, the company's business plan mentioned only a ASR-33 Teletype replacement, which shipped as the Datapoint 3300. The case, designed by John "Jack" Frassanito, was deliberately designed to fit in the same space as an IBM Selectric typewriter, and used a video screen shaped to be the same aspect ratio as the IBM 029 punch card terminal. Although commercially successful, the 3300 had ongoing heat problems due to the amount of circuitry packed into such a small space.

In order to address the heating and other issues, a re-design started that featured all of the internal circuitry re-implemented on a single chip. Looking for a company able to produce their chip design, Roche turned to Intel, then primarily a vendor of memory chips. Roche met with Bob Noyce, who expressed concern with the concept; Frassanito recalls that "Noyce said it was an intriguing idea, and that Intel could do it, but it would be a dumb move. He said that if you have a computer chip, you can only sell one chip per computer, while with memory, you can sell hundreds of chips per computer." Another major concern was that Intel's existing customer base purchased their memory chips for use with their own processor designs; if Intel introduced their own processor they might be seen as a competitor, and their customers might look elsewhere for memory. Nevertheless, Noyce agreed to a $50,000 development contract in early 1970. Texas Instruments (TI) was also brought in as a second supplier.

TI was able to quickly make samples of the 1201 based on Intel drawings, but these proved to be buggy and were rejected. Intel's own versions were delayed. CTC decided to re-implement the new version of the terminal using discrete TTL instead of a single CPU. The new system was released as the Datapoint 2200 in the spring 1970, with their first sale to General Mills on 25 May 1970. CTC paused development of the 1201 after the 2200 was released, as it was no longer needed. Six months later, Seiko approached Intel expressing an interest in using the 1201 in a scientific calculator, likely after seeing the success of the simpler Intel 4004 used by Busicom in their business calculators. A small re-design followed, expanding from a 16-pin to 18-pin design, and the new 1210 was delivered to CTC in late 1971.

By that point CTC had once again moved on, this time to the Datapoint 2200 II, which was faster and included a hard drive. The 1201 was no longer powerful enough for the new model. CTC voted to end their involvement with the 1201, leaving the design's intellectual property to Intel instead of paying the $50,000 contract. Intel renamed it the 8008, and put it in their catalog in April 1972 priced at $120. Intel's initial worries about their existing customer base leaving them proved unfounded, and the 8008 went on to be a commercially successful design. This was followed by the Intel 8080, and then the hugely successful Intel x86 family.

Design
Implemented in 10 μm silicon-gate enhancement load PMOS, initial versions of the 8008 ran at 0.5 MHz, later increased in the 8008-1 to 0.8 MHz. Instructions took between 3 and 11 cycles: register-register loads and ALU operations took 5T (10μs at 0.5 MHz), register-memory 8T (16μs), while (taken) calls and jumps took 11 cycles (22μs). The 8008 was a little slower in terms of instructions per second (45,000 to 100,000) [1] than the 4-bit Intel 4004 and Intel 4040, but the fact that the 8008 processed data eight bits at a time and could access significantly more RAM still gave it a significant speed advantage in most applications. The 8008 had 3,500 transistors.

The subsequent Intel 8080 and 8085 CPUs were also heavily based on the same basic design; even the x86 architecture (originally a non-strict extension of the 8085) loosely resembles the original Datapoint 2200 design (every instruction of the 8008's instruction set has a direct equivalent in the 8080's larger instruction set and Intel Core 2's even larger instruction set, although the opcode values are different in all three).

The chip (limited by its 18 pin DIP packaging) had a single 8-bit bus and required a significant amount of external support logic. For example, the 14-bit address, which could access "16 K x 8 bits of memory"[4], needed to be latched by some of this logic into an external Memory Address Register (MAR). The 8008 could access 8 input ports and 24 output ports.

For controller and CRT terminal use this was an acceptable design, but it was too difficult to use for most other tasks. A few early computer designs were based on it, but most would use the later and greatly improved Intel 8080 instead.

The 8008 family is also referred to as the MCS-8.


Datapoint 2200 computer

diff --git a/content/history/_index.html b/content/history/_index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..af2bfb16 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/_index.html @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +{ + "title": "History" +} + + diff --git a/content/history/abc-80.html b/content/history/abc-80.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3e96ee62 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/abc-80.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "ABC-80", + "date": "1978-08-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "AUGUST 1978", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0878_abc80_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 39, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210803234631/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=39", + "date": "2021-08-03" + } + } +} + +

In August 1978, first units of the "Advanced Basic Computer for the 1980s", in short ABC-80 left the Swedish Luxor factory.

A few months earlier, Luxor contracted with two other companies, Scandia Metric and Data Industrier AB (DIAB), to build the first totally Swedish computer. Scandia Metrics which had previous experience of computer based products designed the main board, DIAB manufactured the chips, while Luxor, one of the biggest TV set manufacturers, built the monitor, case and keyboard and assembled the whole system in its assembly plant of Motala (Sweden, at the northeast shore of Swedens second largest sea, Vättern).

Despite the fact that the technology behind the ABC 80 was very simple and technical features wasn't better than US competitors, the ABC80 was a quality machine and became a great success among early Swedish computer enthusiasts, who had been waiting for a long time a real local computer. More than 10.000 computers were sold within two years. For six years, the ABC80 and then its sequel the ABC800, were by far the most sold and used personal computers in Sweden, for home, hobby, and especially education.

In 1984, the ABC1600 and ABC9000, two Unix systems, were launched with the slogan "Who needs to be IBM compatible?"... They were the last Luxor computers produced.

diff --git a/content/history/ada-birth.html b/content/history/ada-birth.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..473e7b36 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/ada-birth.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "ADA BIRTH", + "date": "1977-12-01", + "years": [ + "1977" + ], + "topics": [ + "Software" + ], + "params": { + "when": "DECEMBER 1977", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_1277_ada_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 12, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134358/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=12", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

In December 1977, the revised language specification of ADA was published in SIGPLAN, the Special Interest Group on Programming Languages. Actually, this is a small event within the long history of ADA birth.

In 1973, the US Department of Defense (DoD) was spending $3 billion annually on software. At this time, more than 450 programming languages were used to implement different DoD projects, and none of them were standardized. For these reasons, the Army, Navy, and Air Force proposed to develop a common and standardized high-level language for use in the development of large military systems.

In 1975, the Higher Order Language Working Group (HOLWG) was formed for evaluating existing language and think about an ideal language specification. 23 languages were tested, but none of them were accepted. The first ADA language specification appeared in early 1977 and four software companies began parallel production of a prototype language.

In may 1979 the French CIE CII Honeywell/Bull (the only foreign contractor) won the challenge and the language design was tested by thousands of programmers in the world who reported bugs and wishes. Based on these informations, the final version of ADA was born in early 1980. The language was then standardized in 1983, and revised in 1995.

The language was first named "DoD-1", but the name ADA was finally retained in 1979 by the Working Group in honour of Countess Augusta Ada Lovelace, the daughter of poet Lord Byron and a mathematician who worked with Charles Babbage on his engines and thus is considered the world's first computer programmer.

diff --git a/content/history/adventureland.html b/content/history/adventureland.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..14eacce3 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/adventureland.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "ADVENTURELAND", + "date": "1978-03-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Software" + ], + "params": { + "when": "MARCH 1978", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0378_adventureland_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 7, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=7", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

Nowadays, everybody has heard of or has played adventure games, a style of game that puts the player in an environment and then allows him to manipulate objects to accomplish an objective.

In 1978, noboby played adventure game, except some DEC owners who could enjoy the first adventure game written by two college students and called Colossal Caves Adventure.
In 1978 Scott Adams had the opportunity to play this game and he was fascinated by the concept. He wrote his first adventure game Adventureland in the same year for the Radio Shack TRS-80 model 1 and was thus the first person to put an Adventure game on a personal computer and sell a computer game (for $14.95). He is credited with starting the computer game industry.

Few months later, Scott formed his company, Adventure International, and wrote a series of adventure games during about six years. Among them Pirate adventure, Pyramid of doom or The Count. Some versions were all text for S-100 or CP/M based computers, others (Atari, Apple 2, Commodore 64, TI-99) were graphical and offered primitive animations.

In 1985, during the big down turn of the personal computers industry, the company went out of business and Scott became a senior programmer in a management software company.

diff --git a/content/history/alan-shugart-founds-shugart-technology.html b/content/history/alan-shugart-founds-shugart-technology.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..39b14280 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/alan-shugart-founds-shugart-technology.html @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +{ + "title": "ALAN SHUGART FOUNDS SHUGART TECHNOLOGY", + "date": "1979-03-01", + "years": [ + "1979" + ], + "topics": [ + "Companies" + ], + "params": { + "when": "MARCH 1979", + "oc_id": 51, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220429214055/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=51", + "date": "2022-04-29" + } + } +} + +

In 1978, Alan Shugart met Finis Conner at Memorex. Conner had a great idea: to build a hard drive the same size as a 5.25" floppy drive but with 15 times the capacity and 10 times the speed. At this time people were beginning to buy a lot of PCs with several floppy drives and needed more and more storage capacity.

In 1979, they founded Shugart Technology. The company was soon renamed Seagate Technology because Xerox which acquired Shugart Associates, a floppy drive company also founded by Shugart in 1975, would sue them over the name.

One year later, they introduced first small hard disk drives which packed 5 to 10 MB of storage, they sold thousands of them, mainly to IBM for their mainframe. Within a few years, they had produced 4 million units.

The same year, Shugart Associates defined the specifications of a new interface using a device-independent parallel connection and allowing to attach several peripherals to a same desktop computer. This interface was called SASI (Shugart Associates Systems Interface). In 1982, NCR added features to Shugart's original interface which was renamed in SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) and then widely used, particularly by Apple.

In 1981, several of the engineers who worked on SASI left Seagate to form Adaptec, a host card manufacturer. Finis Conner also left the company in 1984 and launched Conner Peripherals.

For more than 15 years, under Shugart leadership, Seagate was the first hard disk manufacturer. In 1997, the company employed 100,000 people worldwide with a $9 billion turnover. Sadly, one year later, the company lost more than 650 M$. The lost was inputted to Shugart who resigned from Seagate Technology's board in August 1998.

diff --git a/content/history/apple-announces-its-third-computer-the-apple-ii.html b/content/history/apple-announces-its-third-computer-the-apple-ii.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a0d65b98 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/apple-announces-its-third-computer-the-apple-ii.html @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +{ + "title": "APPLE ANNOUNCES ITS THIRD COMPUTER, THE APPLE II+", + "date": "1979-06-01", + "years": [ + "1979" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "JUNE 1979", + "oc_id": 55, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=55", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

Released in June 1979 and retailing for $1,195 (over $100 less than the original Apple II), the II plus was essentially an extension of the Apple II. It came with 48 KB RAM, a new floating-point Basic interpreter in ROM written by Microsoft, and a new auto-start ROM for easier start-up and screen editing.

Despite these rather minor changes, the II+ instantly became a great success for 3 main reasons:
• It was the first personal computer to offer an affordable and reliable floppy disk unit and an easy-to-use operating system, DOS 3.1
• It was also the first serious personal business machine thanks to the new VisiCalc spreadsheet program which was first released on the Apple II+ before any other systems.
• Instead of restricting its advertising campaign to computer enthusiasts and technical magazines, Apple was the first computer Company to advertise in popular magazines, emphasizing the usefulness of a personal computer at home, for business, education and entertainment.

A few months later, a special version of the II+, called II Europlus, was launched in Europe. Special escape sequences allowed users to type all the specific European characters, and the video interface was also adapted to the European PAL standard.

The first release of the Floppy drive OS was called 3.1 instead of the usual 1.0, simply because one of the OS developers updated a revision counter every time he recompiled the source code. The counter had reached 3.1 when the final version was released. The marketing department of Apple also felt that 3.1 sounded like a more advanced and debugged version than a standard 1.0. By the time of the launch of the Apple II+, the DOS version was up to 3.2.1

More than 2,000,000 Apple II+'s were sold between 1979 and 1983, not counting the numerous clones from south America, Asia, and also from the USA.

diff --git a/content/history/apple-disk-ii-the-apple-ii-second-birth.html b/content/history/apple-disk-ii-the-apple-ii-second-birth.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3a7ee8b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/apple-disk-ii-the-apple-ii-second-birth.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "APPLE DISK II, THE APPLE II SECOND BIRTH", + "date": "1978-01-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "JANUARY 1978", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0178_diskii_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 11, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=11", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

Apple Disk II, the most inexpensive, easy to use floppy drive ever made was introduced in January at Winter Consumer Electronic Show. First deliveries will occur in July 1978 at $495, including the controller card.

At the time the Apple II was sold for about six months. Most users had connected their television as a colour monitor, and a cassette recorder to store their programs. A couple of weeks before, Apple had introduced a floating point BASIC (made by Microsoft) and a printer interface card. Sadly, the Apple II cassette interface wasn't reliable and needed very accurate volume and tone adjustments, preventing owners from using the computer as a professional system.

Actually, the disk interface shown at CES was just a prototype. Final version of the Disk II interface board will be finalized a few weeks later by Steve Wozniak, and the First DOS 3 version, written by Randy Wigginton, appeared un June. The disk II suddenly transformed the Apple II from an expensive hobbyist's toy to an efficient tool everyone could afford for home and business uses. In marketing terms, the Disk II launch can be considered as the Apple II second birth.

diff --git a/content/history/apple-ii-first-deliveries.html b/content/history/apple-ii-first-deliveries.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8f808c5c --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/apple-ii-first-deliveries.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "APPLE II, FIRST DELIVERIES", + "date": "1977-05-01", + "years": [ + "1977" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "MAY 1977", + "image": "/media/history/images/twosteve.jpg", + "oc_id": 35, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=35", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

The Apple II system is really available and delivered for $1295. The system was introduced in April at the West Coast Computer Fair, just after the Apple Computer Company was incorporated and Apple employees move from Jobs' garage to an office in Cupertino, California.

Apple logo is designed by Rob Janoff. The first Apple II advert is designed too (picture). Apple Computers wil be the first company to advertise for a personal computer in general public magazines.

The Apple 1 production is stopped ten months after its introduction. 175 Apple 1 kits had been sold for $549 each to only one customer, Paul Terrell, manager of the Byte Shop chain, who sold them for $666.

diff --git a/content/history/arcnet-the-first-local-area-network.html b/content/history/arcnet-the-first-local-area-network.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6bbe78a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/arcnet-the-first-local-area-network.html @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +{ + "title": "ARCNET, THE FIRST LOCAL AREA NETWORK", + "date": "1977-09-01", + "years": [ + "1977" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware", + "Videogames" + ], + "params": { + "when": "SEPTEMBER 1977", + "image": "/media/history/images/history_arcnet_2.jpg", + "oc_id": 23, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=23", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

In September 1977, the world's first commercially available local area network was first put into service at Chase Manhattan Bank, New York, as a beta-site.

Short for Attached Resource Computer network, ARCnet was developed by Datapoint Corporation in San Antonio, Texas. It was defined as a group of nodes that communicates to one another over a geographically-limited area usually within one building or a campus of buildings.

It was the simplest, and least expensive type of local-area network. It used a token-ring architecture, supported data rates of 2.5 Mbps, and connected up to 255 computers. A special advantage of ARCnet is that it permitted various types of transmission media to be mixed on the same network: twisted-pair wire (Max. extension 150 meters), coaxial cable (650 m.) and fibre optic cable (2.000 m.)

Today, ARCnet is still alive in numerous companies all over the world and has more than seven million installed nodes.



Comment from Chris Piggott:
This is not so much a correction but more of a comment from the users point of view.

I worked for Chase Manhattan Bank from 1976 until 1986 and was one of the first to use the ARC in live commercial environment. I remember Gordon Peterson, Johnathan Schmidt and others at Datapoint well. ARC allowed Datapoint to 'punch far above its weight' when compared to the IBM, DEC & Wang alternatives at the time. Not bad considering its eight bit architecture. The first system we developed using ARC was a funds transfer system connected to the New York Clearing House, processing thousands of transactions per day, worth Tens of Billions dollars. At its peak, Chase had scores of individual networks installed, some with 20 or more linked processors.

Such a pity that Datapoint didn't licence the ARC technology, rather than keeping it as a proprietory product.

One additional piece of information. Chase used Infrared transmission equipment, supplied by Datapoint, to link its ARCnet between its buildings in lower Manhattan in addition to the other methods mentioned. diff --git a/content/history/atari-reveals-its-new-vcs-video-game-console.html b/content/history/atari-reveals-its-new-vcs-video-game-console.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b2baff39 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/atari-reveals-its-new-vcs-video-game-console.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "ATARI REVEALS ITS NEW VCS VIDEO GAME CONSOLE", + "date": "1977-07-01", + "years": [ + "1977" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "JULY 1977", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0777_atari_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 28, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230214150613/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=28", + "date": "2023-02-14" + } + } +} + +

A new generation of games was born in the summer of 1977, a new concept revolutionizing leisure will let small leading and foreseeing companies make billions of dollars.

Although the Atari VCS is not the first video game console ever, it will become a star while beginning in November of 1977. Millions of young players will hold it as mankind’s best invention ever. The first console idea was developed in 1975 by Atari and Warner Bros, its parent company.

Initially the console was set to come with an integrated ROM game, but at the last minute, Atari preferred a cartridge version. This game was “Combat”. Most importantly, this first cartridge will allow console owners to wait a few months for the release of new games. A first series of 8 will be followed later by many, among them, the famous “Space Invaders”, a title giving Atari global success and will cash in more then $100 millions.

In two years, Atari sold more than 25 million consoles and earn $5 billion in sales, mostly from cartridges and optional accessories. Many third companies will also encounter success, such as Namco and its “Pacman”.

In 1982, the VCS becomes “2600” until Atari is sold in 1984, followed by new versions “5200” and “7800”. However, the 2600 continued to be produced and new games will appear until 1991. The VCS/2600 console thus lived for 14 years, a record longevity never equaled since by any console or computer.

Thanks to the Albert's Museum for the picture.

diff --git a/content/history/atari-unveils-its-400-and-800-home-computers.html b/content/history/atari-unveils-its-400-and-800-home-computers.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d85ae66c --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/atari-unveils-its-400-and-800-home-computers.html @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +{ + "title": "ATARI UNVEILS ITS 400 AND 800 HOME COMPUTERS", + "date": "1978-12-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "DECEMBER 1978", + "oc_id": 46, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134358/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=46", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

In December, 1978, Atari was a wholly-owned subsidiary of Warner Communication. Nolan Bushnell, who funded Atari in 1972 sold the company for $28 million in 1976 but still kept a position of responsibility up to October 1978.

The idea of a home computer able to compete with the first Apple, Commodore and Tandy systems came in 1977 from Raymond Kassar, the new manager of Atari. The Home Computer Division was created the same year.

The project took shape in 1978. Two computers code-named Candy and Colleen were designed simultaneously, based on three custom chips specially designed to handle graphics, sound and communication.

Although the Atari 400 and 800 were announced in December 1978, the first prototypes were shown at the Winter CES in January 1979. The production started in October 1979 and the first sales occurred just before Christmas period.

The design of these machines remains an amazing exploit to date. In one year, the teams of Atari (among them Jay Miner) succeeded in finalizing two really astonishing machines, as well as several concepts which are still largely used nowadays: The custom dedicated chips, the Serial I/O bus where all sorts of peripherals could be connected, is very close to our USB bus. Hardware scrolling, hardware sprites, video mode mixing, multivoice synthesizer are all concepts invented by Atari engineers and commonly used in our actual computers.

One can also mention the efficient Basic interpreter in ROM, written by Shepardson Microsystems, Inc (SMI), and a very well designed operating system.

diff --git a/content/history/bally-professional-arcade-is-announced.html b/content/history/bally-professional-arcade-is-announced.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c142443a --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/bally-professional-arcade-is-announced.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "BALLY PROFESSIONAL ARCADE IS ANNOUNCED", + "date": "1977-09-01", + "years": [ + "1977" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "SEPTEMBER 1977", + "image": "/media/history/images/history_astrocade_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 22, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=22", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

In September 1977, Bally, the famous pinball tables manufacturer, announced shortly after the Atari 2600, the Bally Professional Arcade. The first versions were shipped in early 1978 for $299.

This video game system featured a Z80 processor, three built-in games (Gunfight, Checkmate, Scribbler), a calculator with numeric keypad and up to four controllers that were a unique combination of joystick and paddle, which resembled the grip of a revolver.

Furthermore, a BASIC cartridge gave this system the ability to save programs to a cassette tape. For about 6 months, it was thus the world's cheapest computer.

Even though is was slightly superior to the competition (Atari VCS), the unit was too expensive and the sales remainded at a low level. In 1982, Bally withdrew the system and sold the rights to Astrovision Inc., a group of users who had enjoyed the system. The console was then reintroduced as the Bally Computer System. The same year, the company changed its name - and the system name - to Astrocade.

After that, Astrocade tried to keep the system alive and marketed it as a video game console for several years. In 1985, the game consoles market crashed and finally, the Astrocade company closed their doors and the Astrocade system disappeared.

diff --git a/content/history/bbs-the-world-wide-web-father.html b/content/history/bbs-the-world-wide-web-father.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c34f173a --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/bbs-the-world-wide-web-father.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "BBS, THE WORLD WIDE WEB FATHER", + "date": "1978-01-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Software" + ], + "params": { + "when": "JANUARY 1978", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0178_fidonet_3.jpg", + "oc_id": 10, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134358/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=10", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

In January 1978, two guys from Chicago, Ward Christensen and Randy Suess, decided to devise a simple communication system between two computers, through a telephone line. They used the first generation of 110-baud Hayes modems that appeared first en April 1977. Christensen, who wrote the first binary file transfer protocol in August 1977 (MODEM.ASM, then XMODEM), developed the software, and Suess designed the hardware.

One month later, their system was running. They called it the Computerized Bulletin Board System (CBBS). After several months of tests and improvements, CBBS finally went online to the public in 1979. It was the first electronic message-posting network (except time sharing systems) where participants could post messages to a public "board", read and respond to other ones and thus participate to virtual discussions. Few months later, virtual bulletin boards began popping up around the country, mainly intended to computer hobbyists and scientists.

At the first time, BBSs were painfully slow as the transmission speed didn't exceed 300 bauds (30 to 40 chars. per sec.). Only ASCII codes and ANSI escape sequences were used. Later, when 1200 and 2400 baud modems were launched, the speed became acceptable.

BBSs were very popular during the 80s and early 90s. They greatly declined in popularity when commercial Internet access became common. However, they were in many ways a precursor to the modern form of the World Wide Web and many aspects of the Internet.

M. Simon, who designed the S-100 I/O board used in the world's first BBS, adds:

When I had a shop on Chicago on 2053 N. Sheffield they came over all the time to get advice on how to get the Master I/O Board up and running. I used the 8251 serial chip and there was no way other than a hard reset to determine the state of the chip. I think they did a cut and a jump on the board to the on board 8255 for a hardware reset.

They told me what they were planning and I wondered why any one would do something so crazy!

I made one or two visits to their basement to help out and see what was going on. We all belonged to the CACHE club in those days. Chicago Area Computer Hobbyist Exchange. My wife silk screened bumper stickers for the club. We also sold T-shirts with "Support the Revolution, Buy a Computer" for a slogan.

diff --git a/content/history/bsd-unix.html b/content/history/bsd-unix.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..52695b03 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/bsd-unix.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "BSD UNIX", + "date": "1978-03-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Software" + ], + "params": { + "when": "MARCH 1978", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0378_bsddaemon.jpg", + "oc_id": 6, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=6", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

In March 1978, Bill Joy, who studied at the University of California at Berkeley, released the first free version of UNIX operating system which is now known as BSD UNIX. (Berkeley Software Distribution)

The history of UNIX starts back in 1969, when Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and others started working on a Digital Equipment PDP-7 computer at Bell Labs. The first edition was launched in 1971 and was mainly used for text processing. It had a kernel, an assembler for the DEC PDP-11/20, a file system and some vital tools, including the 'ed' (editor for mortals) text editor written by Bill Joy.

Two years later, the Fourth Edition was totally rewritten in C language with multi-platform support in mind, allowing it to be used on a wide range of computers. In 1975, the Sixth Version, widely known as 'Version 6' was the first UNIX version really available outside the Bell Labs. The first BSD version was derived from this V6.

The second BSD version was launched a few months later with the full kernel source codes. This version became the backbone of the Internet and introduced the "open source" concept.
From this time, the various flavours of UNIX were divided in two different families, the BSD based types and those derived from the SYSTEM V.
The Berkeley version of UNIX became the standard in education and research and was notable for introducing using TCP/IP to UNIX (later Bill Joy will be nicknamed the "Edison of the Internet"). BSD was widely distributed in source form so that others could learn from it and improve it.

After having been involved in the BSD project, Bill Joy co-founded Sun Microsystems in 1982 and led technical strategy of the company. He designed Sun's Network File System (NFS), parts of the SPARC microprocessor architecture as well as basic pipeline used in all of Sun's SPARC microprocessors.
Later, he was the co-author of the specification for the Java programming language.
In 1998, Bill was appointed as Chief Scientist of the company.

diff --git a/content/history/building-its-own-s-100-bus-based-system.html b/content/history/building-its-own-s-100-bus-based-system.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e76f9e05 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/building-its-own-s-100-bus-based-system.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "BUILDING ITS OWN S-100 BUS BASED SYSTEM", + "date": "1977-01-01", + "years": [ + "1977" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "month unknown 1977", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_11-77_s100_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 19, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=19", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

In this end of year 1977, when a computer fanatic wished to build himself a powerful and evolutional computer, he'd only have pactically one choice: to purchase a S-100 Bus based system, assembled or in kit form.
Several manufacturers were selling spare parts allowing to assemble progressively and at low cost a basic system.

The first step consisted in acquiring a box with a power supply and a bus card.
One had to choose then amongst several CPU cards available: Motorola 6800, MOS 6502, Intel 8080 and 8085 or Zilog Z80. The cards were provided assembled or in kit form. One had then to solder the components on the card.
A third essential part, the RAM card. It was composed of 2 to 64 Kb of static or dynamic memory chip.

At this stage, the computer was able to operate... providing that one could communicate with it! A teletype or video terminal plugged in the computer's serial port was then necessary.
After a few days of operation, the user noticed that he would most probably need to buy a backup system to save his programs. For a few hundred $ more, he would rapidly buy a card punch or a cassette recorder with the additional interface card.

Though his computer was working correctly and that our fanatic already spent approximately $1500, he's not yet acquainted that he'll have to spend approximately twice the price in the next months to purchase more memory, communication cards, one or two floppy drives, a printer, a modem...

In 1977, when one would like to acquire a real computer, one had to be passionate, very handy... and rich!

diff --git a/content/history/click-and-spell.html b/content/history/click-and-spell.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..783bc646 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/click-and-spell.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "CLICK AND SPELL", + "date": "1978-06-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "JUNE 1978", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0678_clickspell_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 36, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211208043342/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=36", + "date": "2021-12-08" + } + } +} + +

In 1976, after having conquered a major part of the calculators market, the consumer products group at Texas Instruments was searching for another mountain to climb. First time the idea of a Speak and Spell product for children came up, TI management didn't take it seriously. However, Richard Wiggins, an engineer who was brand-new to TI at the time, took a look at the idea and said: "I think we can do it.". And they did: in june 1978, the speaking bright coloured box was launched. Six months later, the product was a Christmas season hit, and the same sentence resounded in every American toys stores:

Hello! I am Speak & Spell, the electronic learning aid, that challenges you with random questions stored in my brain.

Its popularity with its target audience was given a further boost when a certain adorable alien used it to help him "phone home" in E.T. The Extra Terrestrial. Both parents and educators appreciated its value as a teaching tool, and their combined seals of approval made Speak & Spell a common sight in homes and schools alike. Its popularity also led to sequel electronic games for other areas of learning like Speak & Math and Speak & Read.

The technology behind the toy was a result of Texas Instruments early investigations into speech synthesis. The result was the TMS5110/5220 series, first low cost mass produced DSP chips. They allowed speech data to be stored in a highly compressed format, which was very important in the days when ROM space was expensive; and synthesized speech using a method know as Linear-Predictive Coding (LPC). More than 100 seconds of linguistic sounds could be stored into a 128 KB ROM chip. Same chips were used in the TI 99/4 Home Computer Voice module.

Nowadays, DSP technology is everywhere. People can now send voice as well as live video over a cellular phone. In 2000, the programmable DSP market generated more than $6 billion in sales. Texas Instruments claimed 48 percent of that market.

diff --git a/content/history/commodore-international-is-founded.html b/content/history/commodore-international-is-founded.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a1ac9b59 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/commodore-international-is-founded.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "COMMODORE INTERNATIONAL IS FOUNDED", + "date": "1954-01-01", + "years": [ + "1954" + ], + "params": { + "when": "month unknown 1954", + "oc_id": 66, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220429214058/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=66", + "date": "2022-04-29" + } + } +} + +

In 1954, Commodore International was founded by Jack Tramiel, an Auschwitz survivor, and Manfred Kapp, as a typewriter-repair service.

Tramiel was born on December 13, 1927 in Lodz in Poland and spent the years from 1940 to 1945 in a German concentration camp. Other sources indicate that his name was originally Kaufmann Idek Tramiel or Tramielski and that he was born on September 13, 1927 or December 13, 1928. He appears to have entered the United States in 1947 and to have been in the United States Army from 1948 to 1950 when he was a cook and for less than a year in 1951-2 when he was a typewriter repair man. Between his tours of duty in the army and for a time after his second tour, he worked for a company called Ace Typewriter Repair Company. Between 1952 and 1954, he drove a taxicab in the New York City. Tramiel first met Manfred Kapp in 1952 or 1953 when they were fellow-employees at the Ace Typewriter Repair Company.

diff --git a/content/history/commodore-introduces-the-pet.html b/content/history/commodore-introduces-the-pet.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9b8a087e --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/commodore-introduces-the-pet.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "COMMODORE INTRODUCES THE PET", + "date": "1977-06-01", + "years": [ + "1977" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "JUNE 1977", + "image": "/media/history/images/commodore_pet_system_3.jpg", + "oc_id": 31, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=31", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

The PET 2001 (Personal Electronic Transactor) was the first computer unit ready to plug in to a mains supply and use. This concept, added to a futuristic design, caused an enormous sensation at The 1977 Summer Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago. In fact, a first PET model was presented during the January CES, but it never worked properly.

The PET was the first computer sold by Jack Tramiel. A legend says that, one day, Chuck Peddle, the designer of the 6502 microprocessor, accosted him in a corridor and asked him to forget hand held calculators and think about a desktop computer. Tramiel said, "Build it" and Chuck built the PET computer based on the 6502 microprocessor!

The PET name would be used only until the 4000 series as Philips, the owner of the registered PET name, would require Commodore to use a different name. Commodore would choose the CBM logo for the later systems.

Original sale price of the 4 KB PET was $495. Several hundred orders later, the price would go to $595 for the 4 KB version and $795 for the 8 KB. Several thousand orders later Jack Tramiel decided to double the price and to market the computer in Europe. The sales won't weaken.

Within a few months, many dealers wanted to sell the PET. But Tramiel dictated his terms: To pay cash on order and wait for the computers for about five months, to have a clean credit history and good retail and service departments.

While being very demanding with the dealer network, Tramiel approached the big retail chain stores, and within a few weeks, the dealers were in direct competition with the household names.

The PET system would become the father of a large family of PET/CBM computers including the 2000, 4000, 8000 series, then the 500, 600 and 700 series in 1983.

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In early 1979, Commodore introduced the first revision of its PET computer. The most visible change was the large mechanical keyboard that replaced the first "chicklet" style one. As there was no more room for it, the internal tape drive was removed.

Internally, the machine offered 8 to 32 KB of RAM and a new version 1.2 of the Basic interpreter which corrected several bugs of the version 1 and allowed the use of the new 2040 floppy drive unit.

Same versions were sold in Europe a few months later under the name CBM 3008, 3016 and 3032. The 2040 FD unit was also renamed CBM 3040.

At the same time, Sharp started to sell in Japan its first home computer, the MZ-80K, with the intention of competing with the PET and Tandy TRS systems.

Although its appearance was pretty PET like, its internal design was rather different: a Z80 CPU instead of a 6502, no Basic in ROM, only a 2 KB monitor and a mechanical keyboard, better than the first Pet keyboard, but less convenient than the new version.

The MZ-80K was launched in various European countries in late 1979. Due to its specific features and permanent lack of software, it never presented a real threat to the major US manufacturers. This is probably the reason why Sharp did not launch the MZ-80 series on the U.S. market.

diff --git a/content/history/computers-some-history-and-background-1.html b/content/history/computers-some-history-and-background-1.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7e2ede14 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/computers-some-history-and-background-1.html @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +{ + "title": "COMPUTERS - SOME HISTORY AND BACKGROUND #1", + "date": "1915-01-01", + "years": [ + "1915" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "month unknown 1915", + "oc_id": 60, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230627150853/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=60", + "date": "2023-06-27" + } + } +} + +

By Darwyn F. Kelley
Computer Historian


What is the difference between a Computer and a Calculator? One the most satisfactory definition states, "An automatic computer is a machine that manipulates symbols in accordance with given rules in a predetermined and self-directed manner.."
The most significant word here undoubtedly is "self directed". Any calculating device whether it be an abacus or an adding machine must be other-directed, that is, man directed.

An automatic computer, however has the ability to accept data and then work upon that data according to a preset program without human intervention, although human beings must, of course, devise the program which controls the automatic manipulation of the data. Regardless whether the computer is one of the special-purpose types for solving engineering and scientific problems or a general-purpose computer manufactured in large quantities, the principle remains the same.

How did computers come into being and why did anyone want to build one in the first place? Starting from crude methods of piling stones to represent numbers and proceeding hrough such ingenious devices as the abacus, he has long been in pursuit of improved calculating methods. He has always been limited however, by the state of technology in the times in which he lived. As long ago as the 1820's Charles Babbage, in England made a "difference engine"., which was sound in principle, but which unfortunately was very unreliable due to the availability of only crudely machined parts. 

The first true computer to be manufactured in any quantities was Ford Instrument Computer in 1915. A mechanical analog device. The Ford Computer was a marvel of gear trains, linkages, and differentials. It was difficult to keep in adjustment and very complicated to manufacture, but it did the job it was intended to do- find and keep the range for naval guns.

In 1930, the first general-purpose computer was built at MIT under the direction of Dr. Vannever Bush. It to was a mechanical monster, but it could be disconnected and reconnected to solve different equations.
All of these devices were analog. That is they operated on real inputs such as voltages or the rotation of gears and they produced real outputs, such as training of the guns of a main battery. 

Analog computers have both advantages and disadvantages. They produce almost instantaneous output, but since they act upon analogies to numbers rather than on numbers themselves, their output is never perfectly accurate. They can be used to train a gun but not to calculate a payroll.

In 1939, a major breakthrough occurred when Dr. Howard Aiken of Harvard completed the basic plans for a sequential, digital, electromechanical computer. This computer was an unwieldy conglomeration of office calculating devices, but it embodied two important concepts. First, it operated on real numbers, rather than on analogs of numbers, and, second it had the ability to make decisions. That is, it could compare two numbers when a partial result had been obtained and then follow one of two paths for further computation, depending upon the result of the comparison. All computers operate on this principle today.
Dr. Aiken's machine was still an electromechanical device and naturally was subject to failure through wear and tear and had such commonplace troubles as simply getting dirty. Also there were obvious physical limitation on the speeds which it could be operated.

The next major breakthrough came in 1946, when the first all-electronic, digital sequential computer was delivered. It was many times faster and far more reliable than any mechanical computer could be. It was an invention of J. Presper Eckert and Dr. John Mauchly, who later formed a company which eventually became, the UNIVAC Division of Sperry Rand. The name of this first Electronic Computer was ENIAC. (Acronym for :Electronic Numeric Integrated Automatic Computer). It was the father of all modern electronic computers.

Next, in rapid succession came BINAC, the first computer with serial logic; Univac I , the first commercial computer, the Univac 1103A, the first computer to use core storage, the Univac Solid State, the first all Solid State Computer to be offered commercially, The Univac LARC, the world's most powerful computer at that time.

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By Darwyn F. Kelley
Computer Historian



ENIAC 
The World's First Electronic Computer 

The ENIAC computer, pictured above was installed ,at Aberdeen Proving Grounds , Aberdeen, Maryland. It weighed nearly 30 tons and occupied 15,000 square feet of floor space.
ENIAC contained more than 19,000 vacuum tubes which were used to perform 5,000 additions per second. .As one might expect, making ENIAC function was a tedious task. Operators used plug boards and wires to program the desires operations and entered the numbers used in calculations by turning a series of dials until they corresponded to the correct digits.
By today's standards, ENIAC was slow, but it was 60 times faster than the mechanical differential analyzer which it replaced and at that time this was a large advance. ENIAC led the computer field during the period 1949 through 1952 when it served as the main computer workhouse for the solution of scientific problems of the Nation. It was the major instrument for the computation of all ballistic tables for the U.S. Army and Air Force.
 
As a Sperry Univac, Senior System Engineer, assigned to the Univac installation at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds in 1957. ENIAC was delivered to the Ballistics Research Laboratory, (BRL) in 1946, therefore I missed this installation but did have many discussions with the personnel that used to work on this first amazing computer. It actually was not used to solve "Knotty Nuclear Problems" , but actually computed firing tables for the White Sands missile range.
BRL also had many firsts., EDVAC and ORDVAC Computers were very powerful military computers which replaced ENIAC. Around 1958/1959 BRL decided to build a very advanced Scientific Computer. BRLESC. (BRL Electronic Scientific Computer). This was a very expensive and powerful computer but it did contain vacuum tubes at the time when all commercial computers were switching to solid state devices. This computer was made obsolete by Solid State Technology.

BINAC

The next machine produced by the Eckert & Mauchly team was Binac, special-purpose computer, Only one was built. Binac embodied four important advances, however: it used serial instead of parallel logic; it was the first computer to be internally programmed; it was the first computer to use magnetic tape; and it was the first computer to use solid state elements. Internal programming eliminated the time-consuming and tedious task of changing a problem by connecting external cables.

In parallel-logic systems, if one wishes to add two 3 digit numbers, one provides three add circuits, one for each column. In a serial machine, the columns are added one at a time, sequentially. This arrangement eliminates many parts and, of course, when the number of parts goes down so does the cost.
Binac's use of Magnetic tape was limited to small reels. Small as it was, however, this 2 inch reel was the forerunner of the complex tape input and storage systems.
In part, Binac achieved the speed necessary to the successful operation of a serial machine by the use of crystal diodes instead of vacuum tubes for switches. 
All sequential machines really are giant switching networks. Vacuum tubes still were used for amplification, but this first use of crystal diodes, as long ago as 1948, foreshadowed today's all solid-state machines with their greatly increased speeds and greatly reduced size, power and cooling requirements, and costs. A solid state component uses the flow of electrons through a solid material. 

After Binac, new developments came thick and fast. The memory utilized in Binac was mercury tank memory. The design of this storage device was based on the very simple fact that an electrical pulse could be converted to a sound pulse (by means of piezo-electric quartz crystal and that this sound crystal would travel at relative low speed through a body of mercury. When it came out the other end, it could be reconverted to an electrical pulse by another crystal, amplified, and sent back into the tank. The net result was that the "bit" of information kept circulating until such time until called for by the computers circuitry. Mercury Delay Memory was also utilized in the Univac I Computer.

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By Darwyn F. Kelley
Computer Historian

UNIVAC 1

One of the largest factors in the success of UNIVAC I was the revolutionary input-output equipment offered with it. All input to the computer and output from it was by means of magnetic tape. The magnetic tapes were prepared off-line by a Unityper and information from them was printed out (also offline) by a Uniprinter. A keyboard and a typewriter were also provided with UNIVAC I for getting information into and out of the computer, but these generally were used in the course of checking out programs and rarely during the actual computer run.

The Uniservo I was for communication and intermediate storage between the input-output devices and the computer. The magnetic tape was recorded at 120 digits per inch and could move past the read-write heads at 100 inches per second. Since Mylar tape had not been invented and the other alternative was acetate film, (which was very unstable), Univac choose to use metallic tape. Uniservo used small tape reels because they each weighed 25 lbs, but were very reliable. Also vacuum buffering was not yet invented so the buffering technique was to use elaborate rubber bands.

Before long, the Card-To-Tape Converter was added to the input-output array. It read punched cards and converted the data into pulses on magnetic tape ate the rate of 240 cards per minute. A single standard reel of tape could hold as many as 4000 punched cards. 

A new High Speed printer was introduced which read magnetic tape and printed at 600 lines per minute. Newer High-Speed Printers operated at about 720 lines per minute but technology at that time limited printer speeds to 720 line per minute.

Improvement in Technology was an ongoing process. The Unityper II, occupied 2 cubic feet instead of 20. Besides costing less to begin width it costs less to maintain. Uniservo II tapes moved at the same speed as the Uniservo I tapes- 100 inches per second but they were effectively twice as fast because twice as much information was recorded per inch.

UNIVAC File Computer

Remington Rand, through its acquisitions of the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC) in February 1950 and Engineering Associates (ERA) in December 1951 became the leading (and for a brief time the only) computer vendor in the world. Remington Rand decided to market a medium -scale computer to be called the UNIVAC File Computer. As its name indicated the File Computer was intended to provide access to data files stores on magnetic drums. This was very unusual for that time. Most computers read in data records from punched cards, paper tape or magnetic tape, process them back out to cards or tape, but they had no provision for long term on-line storage of data. The original File Computer had a 1,070 word drum, a memory that had twelve 6-bit digits or characters per word. The computer performed decimal arithmetic on numbers represented in Excess-3(XS-3) code. In XS-3, each decimal digit was represented by a binary value three higher, that is, 0 by 000011, 1 by 000100, etc. There were also codes for letters and special characters, such as 0101100 for A, 010101 for B and so on. The 1070-word drum which had an average access time of 2.5 milliseconds, was for storage of data actually being worked on by the program. General storage data was provided by from one to ten 15,000 word drums, whose average access time was 17 milliseconds. It was possible to have a processor which did tape sorting and collating, separately from the central processor.

Besides doing the usual sort of batch work, the File Computer could provide interactive access to the stored data via one to ten terminals, which were called "input-output devices", An input-output device consisted of an inquiry typewriter, a punched card unit(using either 80 or 90 column punched cards), a paper type unit, a printer, and an optional Magnetic Tape drive. The input-output devices could operate independently from the Central Processing complex and perform input-output operations while the processor was doing something else.

The File Computer Model 1 was built in 1957. It has twenty words of core storage, a tiny amount, but enough to provide for some internal programming capability, It allowed for a combination of internal and plug board instructions in the same operation, There were 27 instructions in the internal instruction set, including the arithmetic, comparison, jumps, suppression of left zeros, test for input from I/O station, and transfer to the plug board. The plug board had 19 operations, one of which transfer of control to the program memory. The memory instructions were twelve-digits in length, the last three specified the instruction code, while the others comprised three three-digit storage addresses. A field upgrade was later available which replaced the main memory drum with 1740 words of core memory this upgrade increased the operating speed by a factor of 3.6.

Eastern Airlines used a File Computer for their reservation system. In 1957 Eastern and the St. Paul engineering staff developed a terminal device, called an agent set, for use on the File Computer, which had a keyboard and push-button matrix for selection of the function to be performed. A demonstration of the agent set took place in August 1957, but the reservation system did not start running until September 1958. The system covered nine cities (Atlanta, Birmingham, Boston, Houston, New Orleans, New York-Newark, Philadelphia and Washington) and within two months was processing one transaction per second. Northwest Airlines started using this reservation system in November 1959 and Capitol Airlines followed in early 1960. 

Douglas Aircraft Company was the largest user of File Computers, with 7 installations. Other users of the File Computer included the C&P Telephone Co., Western Electric, Michigan Bell, First National City Bank, various Army and Marine Corp bases. (The photos above were taken by this writer in 1958 at Edgewood Army Chemical Center, Edgewood, Maryland)
A series of development delays meant that the File Computers were delivered toward the end of the vacuum-tube generation of computer hardware. Transistor (second generation) computers began appearing in quantity in 1960 and 1961. These new Solid State computers made vacuum-tube computers such as the File Computer obsolete.

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By Darwyn F. Kelley
Computer Historian

SOLID STATE TECHNOLOGY

In 1952, Univac engineers developed a magnetic amplifier which they later trademarked under the name of Ferractor. Each of these tiny components could do the work of a vacuum tube and do it better with greater reliability. Their operating life was much longer.
The obvious next step was to build a computer utilizing Ferractor magnetic amplifiers instead or using vacuum tubes. In 1956 such a computer, the first of its kind, was delivered to the Air Research Center at Cambridge, Mass.
A Solid State Computer naturally was much easier to maintain then the older vacuum computers. The technique of using Ferractor Amplifiers, together with miniaturized circuit elements such as resistors and capacitors were mounted on printed circuit boards . This was a revolutionary system. Two or three of these printed circuit boards replaced vacuum tube chassis. Instead of tracing a fault within the chassis, one would simply remove the faulty board from the rack and replace it with a new one. A simple procedure today but bear in mind we are talking in the 1950-1960 time frames.

The commercial version of this System was called the UVIVAC Solid State Computer. The first one installed in the Dresdner Bank in Hanover Germany, in 1956. This was the first delivery of an all solid state computer, to a commercial user anywhere in the world. Over 300 were installed and this writer was the lead Univac System Representative at the Bethlehem Steel Works in Baltimore, MD. (1960) The Solid State Computer was very interesting and fun to program.

The main memory in the Solid State Computer was a 5000 word rotating drum. Generally high speed drums were very efficient and reliable but had one major flaw, one had to consider rotating latency when searching this device. You had to plan on when the drum, with your data , was under the read write heads. This latency problem did slow down your access time. A better solution was core memory.
In the 1950's there was such a device in the laboratory stage of development. This was coincident-current memory, made of tiny solid state toroids, physically something like the Ferractor Magnetic Amplifiers, but with different properties. These toroids could be magnetized in one of two directions, and the direction of magnetization could be used logically in the computer circuitry to represent the on or off-or the one or zero-state of the first vacuum tube memories. Reversal of the direction of magnetization is accomplished by means of electrical pulses transmitted over wires threaded through the toroids.
Core storage worked so well it became main storage for the computer itself. The UNIVAC 1103A Scientific Computer was the first computer to have such a memory. The UNIVAC 1107 Computer was the first to use thin film storage for the ultra-high speed portion of its memory.

NEW CONCEPTS IN LOGICAL DESIGN

The discussion so far has dealt largely with improvements in the hardware, but there are other approaches to increasing the efficiency and general usefulness of a computer. One is to take a look at the logic of the machine itself, and this is what was done with the LARC. 
LARC is the first system to employ what was called multi-level logic. That is, instead of thinking of the system as device in which data enters the memory through input and is acted upon serially, with the results becoming available serially through output media, the designers thought of a system where many things could be happening simultaneously, even including the running of more than one program at a time.

LARC actually used a second computer, called the Processor, to control traffic in and out of the main computer, the Arithmetic Unit. This freed the Arithmetic Unit for useful work 90 per cent of the time.
Even the secondary LARC Computer, the Processor, is freed of many housekeeping chores by the use of input-output synchronizers for control of the peripheral equipment. Since the Processor has arithmetic circuitry, it is feasible to run a business data-processing problem on the Processor while the Arithmetic Unit, that is, the main computer, is working on a lengthy scientific problem. There was no physical limitations on the number of input-output channels available.

The LARC core storage could store up to 97,500 computer words. More important than its size, however is the fact that a memory is modular and that the modules may be accessed independently.
LARC could do all these things simultaneously: Compute, accept information from the console, read from two tapes, write on two tapes, read from three drums, write on two drums, read 450 cards per minute, operate two high speed printers on line, and operate two electronic page recorders on line.
LARC was more than a fantastic piece of Hardware. A the time it was built and performance-tested, it could handle systems of equations of a magnitude beyond the reach of any other computer.
Two of the systems were delivered in 1960, the first at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, operated by the University of California for the Atomic Energy Commission and the second, to the Navy's David Taylor Model Basin, Washington, DC.

In passing the acceptance tests required by the Laboratory and the Model Basin, LARC, turned in some remarkable records. In the first performance test in April 1960, the Arithmetic Unit performed about 28 billion operations in two days. In every respect, the system performed beyond the demands of all the most stringent test ever devised for a computer. The severity of the test was due in part to the fact that the Lawrence Radiation Lab people who devised it were already among the most sophisticated computer users in the business.

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By Darwyn F. Kelley
Computer Historian

NEW CONCEPTS IN USAGE

In 1960 most conventional business data processing was serial, that is, the data was gathered, stored, and then processed in batches. The application had to be completed before any particular item of information was available for review. Many applications needed to have "Real Time" access, I.E. Inventory, Payroll etc. One of the most pressing application at this time was Airline Reservations, also online banking. As stated before, in the File Computer section of this report, a basic Airline Reservation System was installed.

Late in 1960, Univac announced the first computer to be designed specifically for real-time applications. The Univac 490 Real Time Computer. This new computer could be connected to any telephone or telephone extension in the continental United States. It could also be connected so as to be addressable by any teletype or telegraph system in the U.S.
A single input-output channel could handle as many as 4096 remote points, and one system was installed in 1960 1400 remote points. A much improved UNISET had been developed for this new computer. It included a keyboard allowing the ticket agent to enter the passenger's name and telephone number. Printouts initiated by the computer for reconfirmation or cancellation. The Uniset was equally adaptable for inventory control. 

The Unisaver was specifically designed for use in Savings Bank, branches. The customer's passbook was slipped into the Unisaver. Such information as account number, last balance etc. was then updated.

SIGNIFICANCE OF REAL TIME PROCESSING

Real-time data processing was the most important breakthrough in computer technology since the Univac I made automatic data processing available for business purposes. The Univac Real-Time System made it possible for the first time for management to monitor the course of actual events continuously, to compare this course with expected trends, and to correct to meet the up-to-date minute situation.

I FEEL VERY FORTUNATE...

I feel very fortunate that my career with Remington Rand, which later became Sperry Univac ,spanned the years 1954-1966. Being involved in this amazing transformation from punched card accounting , Unit Record equipment, to electro-mechanical calculators, to Vacuum tube computers, to Solid State Computers and finally to advanced Real-time and Multi-Tasking computers was very exciting.

As a Programmer with Remington Rand/Sperry Rand and than a Senior System Analyst allowed me to be involved with some interesting accounts. I have written this paper outlining Remington Rand's major computer achievements from 1946 -1961. To me this was the most exciting years of this new computer era.

Listed below are some of the Major Univac firsts:
ENIAC First all electronic digital Computer 
UNIVAC I First Commercial Computer
UNIVAC 1103A First Computer to use Core Memory
UNIVAC Solid State First All Solid State Computer to be offered commercially
LARC The World's most powerful scientific system 
UNIVAC 1107 First Thin Film Memory Computer 
UNIVAC 490 First Real-Time Computer
UNIVAC File Computer First Random Access Computer.

If we look back and realize that Eniac was delivered in 1946 and this report encompasses the years -1946-1961, only 15 years, the progress made at that time was almost incredible. There other first not previously mentioned in this report related to Operational Software. Eniac was programmed by the utilization of plug-in cables to control the operations of the computer. Binac was the first internally programmed computer. Univac I was also internally programmed. The method used to program these first computers was the manipulation of bits. (0's and 1's). The terminology for this method of programming was, "machine language coding."

Dr. GRACE HOPPER

Dr. Grace Hopper a world renowned mathematician, joined the Eckert-Mauchly Corporation in 1949. Her best-known contribution to computing during this period was the invention, in 1953, of the first compiler, the intermediate program that translates English language instructions into the language of the target computer. She did this, she said, because she was "lazy" and hoped that "the programmer may return to being a mathematician." She named this Compiler, FLOWMATIC.
She never again held only one job at a time. She went back and forth among institutions in the military, private industry, business, and academe, and in all these places she was regarded as one of the most incisive strategic "futurists" in the world of computing. Hopper remained associated with Eckert-Mauchly and its successors (Remington-Rand, Sperry-Rand, and Univac) until her official "retirement" in 1971. Her work on compilers and on making machines understand ordinary language instructions led ultimately to the development of the business language COBOL. Hopper's work also foreshadowed or embodied enormous numbers of developments that are still the very bones of digital computing: subroutines, formula translation, relative addressing, the linking loader, code optimization, and symbolic manipulation. At her death, she was an active consultant for Digital.

She was briefly retired from the Naval Reserve in 1966, but was called to active duty the next year to take charge of the Navy's standardization of COBOL and other languages. In December 1983, she was promoted to the rank of commodore in a White House ceremony. Two years later, here rank was raised to rear Admiral, so she became Admiral Hopper. Throughout her life, it was her service to her country of which she was most proud. She died on New Year's Day in 1992 and, appropriately, was buried with full Naval honors at Arlington National Cemetery.

I had the honor of working with Dr. Grace Hopper during my early days with Remington Rand and eventually renewed our acquaintance during a visit to the Pentagon in 1977. At that time she was housed in the pentagon and we worked together obtaining small Univac test computers for her Navy Research Lab. We had many discussions about the old days. She loved to tell the story about how the phrase "Debug" came about. One evening during the compilation of a program the Univac I had a power failure. As the Service Technicians were locating the cause of this power failure they came upon a rather large moth that had got into the circuitry and shorted out the power. Thus there was a bug in the hardware. They needed to "DEBUG" the circuitry! She actually coined the phrase DEBUG. Where would we be without this famous phrase?

diff --git a/content/history/dan-bricklin-and-bob-frankston-form-software-arts-corporation.html b/content/history/dan-bricklin-and-bob-frankston-form-software-arts-corporation.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1f071b18 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/dan-bricklin-and-bob-frankston-form-software-arts-corporation.html @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +{ + "title": "DAN BRICKLIN AND BOB FRANKSTON FORM SOFTWARE ARTS CORPORATION.", + "date": "1979-01-01", + "years": [ + "1979" + ], + "topics": [ + "Software" + ], + "params": { + "when": "JANUARY 1979", + "oc_id": 47, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=47", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

In 1978, Daniel Bricklin, who was then a masters student in business administration, came up with the idea of an interactive visible calculator and programmed the first working prototype of his concept on an Apple II in Basic.

As the program wasn't really powerful, he asked his friend Bob Frankston who had been working with computers for 15 years, to improve and expand the program. They founded Software Arts Corp. in January 2, 1979 and Frankston turned the Bricklin idea into a powerful and compact spreadsheet program they named VisiCalc, for Visible Calculator.

In October 1979, the first Apple II versions appeared in the computer stores at $100 and VisiCalc became an instant success. About 1 million copies were sold within four years, Software Arts grew from 2 employees to 125, and many businessmen bought an Apple II just to run VisiCalc on. Although Atari, Tandy Commodore and later IBM versions were also launched, Visicalc widely contributed to the commercial success of the Apple II and further Apple systems.

It was said that VisiCalc was the first computer spreadsheet program. However the 'Spreadsheet' term was fist used in 1952, and the first computerized version of an accounting matrix appeared in mid 1960's, programmed in Fortran language. However, at the time, the only way to use such a program was to rent calculation time on a shared system or run it on a mainframe. Both options were cost prohibitive.
Visicalc was in fact the first 'democratic' productivity software which turned first generation of personal computers from toys or game consoles into real business assistants.

VisiCalc was sold to Lotus Development Corporation in 1983 and became the Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet for the IBM-PC. Other major sequels of Visicalc were SuperCalc for CP/M systems and Quattro Pro from Borland. The first Excel version appeared in 1985 for the Apple Macintosh.

For a complete information about VisiCalc history, don't miss the Dan Bricklin Web site.

diff --git a/content/history/david-packard-and-william-hewlett.html b/content/history/david-packard-and-william-hewlett.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e2940e8f --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/david-packard-and-william-hewlett.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "DAVID PACKARD AND WILLIAM HEWLETT", + "date": "1978-02-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "People" + ], + "params": { + "when": "FEBRUARY 1978", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0278_hp_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 8, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=8", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

Mr. David Packard, co-founder of Hewlett Packard Company, Inc., retires from active duty in his company. He is replaced with Mr. John Young as Chief Executive Officer. At this time, the sale revenue was close to $ 2 billions, and HP Company employed more than 42,000 persons.

48 years earlier, in the 1930s, William Hewlett and David Packard met when they were students at Stanford University. They launched their business partnership in 1939 with $538 in capital. Packard and his wife Lucile provided the humble garage where the Hewlett-Packard Company began, in Palo Alto, California. This garage is now regarded as the Birthplace of Silicon Valley.

As their first big contract, the partners built 8 audio oscillators called HP200B for the Walt Disney Studio. They were used for building the soundtrack of the film "Fantasia". Why 200B? To make customers think that this device was one of many produced by HP Company.

During World War II, Packard ran the firm while Hewlett did Army duty. The company produced radio, sonar, radar, and nautical and aviation devices. It grew rapidly and had 250 employees at the war conclusion.

In 1969, H.P. produces the first scientific pocket calculator, and enters by this way in the new world of computers. However, Hewlett Packard not only pioneered in technology. David Packard introduced a new management philosophy which came to be known as the "HP Way", providing medical insurance, allowing flex time for workers and profit-sharing for all employees.

These two men who shared talent, ideas and a generous spirit built then Hewlett-Packard into one of the world's most innovative and respected companies.

diff --git a/content/history/dick-heiser-opens-the-first-computer-store-arrowhead-computers.html b/content/history/dick-heiser-opens-the-first-computer-store-arrowhead-computers.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..82edb3bc --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/dick-heiser-opens-the-first-computer-store-arrowhead-computers.html @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +{ + "title": "DICK HEISER OPENS THE FIRST COMPUTER STORE, ARROWHEAD COMPUTERS", + "date": "1976-01-01", + "years": [ + "1976" + ], + "topics": [ + "People" + ], + "params": { + "when": "month unknown 1976", + "oc_id": 70, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=70", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +Dick Heiser opens the first Computer Store, Arrowhead computers diff --git a/content/history/digital-vt-100.html b/content/history/digital-vt-100.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d47a791a --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/digital-vt-100.html @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +{ + "title": "DIGITAL VT-100", + "date": "1978-11-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "NOVEMBER 1978", + "oc_id": 45, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=45", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

Quickly After being introduced in August 1978, the Digital VT-100 terminal rapidly enjoyed great popularity and soon became the most widely imitated asynchronous terminal.

The VT-100 featured lots of innovations including control by an Intel 8085 microprocessor (rather than custom discrete logic), scrolling regions, different character sizes (regular, compressed, double-wide, double-high-and-wide), smooth scrolling and so on. Its control codes and escape sequences still form the basis of the xterm set and of the ANSI or IBM PC standards.

VT100 compatibility is still provided by most terminal emulators. All terminals that came after the VT100 (various VT1xx models as well as numerous competitors models) were able to emulate their ancestor, although they offered new features in addition to what the VT100 could do.

In 1982, DEC launched the VT-180. It was a VT-100 terminal with a Z80 extra board and an external floppy drive unit allowing to run CP/M OS and programs.

diff --git a/content/history/exidy-announces-its-sorcerer.html b/content/history/exidy-announces-its-sorcerer.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cc7df0aa --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/exidy-announces-its-sorcerer.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "EXIDY ANNOUNCES ITS SORCERER", + "date": "1978-04-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "APRIL 1978", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0478_sorcerer_2.jpg", + "oc_id": 3, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211018201426/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=3", + "date": "2021-10-18" + } + } +} + +

Exidy, Incorporated, was founded in 1974 by H.R. Kaufman at Sunnyvale, California, and became a leading manufacturer of arcade type video games.
Their first release was TV Pinball, followed by Mouse Trap or Boulder Dash which became worldwide hits when licensed to Coleco.

While developing the Sorcerer hardware, Exidy designers closely examined all-in-one competitor systems released a few months earlier, the Commodore PET and Tandy TRS-80. The Sorcerer was thus a combination of best features they offered plus an innovative idea, the software ROM cartridge called ROM PAC, making the Sorcerer the first Home Computer to support ROM cartridge use, even if these ROM PAC's were enclosed into 8-track audio housings!

In spite of marketing and production problems, first sales occurred in the USA about 5 months after the machine was announced. The Sorcerer was then introduced in Europe and in Australia by Dick Smith Electronics making it the first personal computer available in this country.

In Holland, Compudata produced the Sorcerer under licence for several years, and sold a lot of them to educational market with several hardware and software improvements: CP/M operating system, S-100 bus support allowing various mass storage systems - including hard discs - to be connected.

Despite obvious qualities, the Sorcerer - and the Sorcerer II launched in 1980 - never met a real success. Exidy ceased production and closed its doors in 1982, but the CompuData version was still produced in Europe until 1984.

diff --git a/content/history/first-smileys.html b/content/history/first-smileys.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee0d26a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/first-smileys.html @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +{ + "title": "FIRST SMILEYS", + "date": "1979-04-01", + "years": [ + "1979" + ], + "topics": [ + "People" + ], + "params": { + "when": "APRIL 1979", + "oc_id": 53, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=53", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

On April 12 1979, Kevin McKenzie of Arpanet's MsgGroup made the following suggestion:

Perhaps we could extend the set of punctuation we use, i.e.: If I wish to indicate that a particular sentence is meant with tongue-in-cheek, I would write it so:
"Of course you know I agree with all the current administration's policies -)."
The '-)' indicates tongue-in-cheek.

At that time, the initial response was less than enthusiastic and the idea sank into oblivion.
Two years later, Scott Fahlman, a professor from the University of Carnegie Mellon (Pittsburgh) sent this message:

9-Sep-82 11:44 Scott E Fahlman
From: Scott E Fahlman
I propose the following character sequence for joke markers:
:-)
Read it sideways. Actually, it is probably more economical to mark things that are NOT jokes, given current trends. For this, use
:-(

From the Fahlman message, the phenomenon expanded at great speed. First, it propagated to other universities and research laboratories, then worldwide. A few months later, tens of variants began to appear in messages, becoming more and more elaborate.

However, not everybody agreed that Scott or McKenzie were the true inventors of this system. Some chronologies assure that PLATO educational system users began using smiley characters probably as early as 1972.

The main problem was that the original messages in which the smiley was invented had been lost... until September 2002. After a significant effort to locate it, the original post made by Fahlman on the CMU CS general Bboard was retrieved by Jeff Baird from an October 1982 Vax backup tape. The McKenzie message was also retrieved, here are the relevant entries.

Nowadays, books have been published listing and describing hundreds of types of smileys, but in actual practice, only a few are widely used.

diff --git a/content/history/first-texas-instruments-ti-57-sales.html b/content/history/first-texas-instruments-ti-57-sales.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..88256141 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/first-texas-instruments-ti-57-sales.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "FIRST TEXAS INSTRUMENTS TI-57 SALES", + "date": "1977-07-01", + "years": [ + "1977" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "JULY 1977", + "image": "/media/history/images/texas_ti57_system_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 29, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220322023408/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=29", + "date": "2022-03-22" + } + } +} + +

The TI-57, TI-58 and TI-59 programmable calculators were revealed to the public in May of 1977. Sales of the TI-57 started in July, and in August for the TI-58 and 59 (as we will see next month).

It will become the most sold programmable calculator in the world. Though inexpensive ($80), the TI-57 is a technological prowess. It is the only programmable calculator with all functions centralized in a single integrated circuit.

A low consumption MOS/LSI circuit does the work of 30,000 transistors. It features a 4 bits microprocessor, 50 program steps in RAM and a ROM command software. A new coding method allows to save in one programming step up to three keys entries (as in : Inv-2nd-cos).

All these characteristics are largely inspired by Hewlett Packard's latest products, HP being Texas Instrument's largest competitor in this area.

The TI-57 will also be sold through Radio Shack under the name of EC-4000.
TI-57 production will end in 1982.

diff --git a/content/history/fortran-microsoft-s-second-programming-language.html b/content/history/fortran-microsoft-s-second-programming-language.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..79a05cac --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/fortran-microsoft-s-second-programming-language.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "FORTRAN, MICROSOFT'S SECOND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE", + "date": "1977-08-01", + "years": [ + "1977" + ], + "topics": [ + "Software" + ], + "params": { + "when": "AUGUST 1977", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0877_fortran.jpg", + "oc_id": 26, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=26", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) was first used in 1957. It was a popular programming language designed specifically to solve scientific, mathematical and engineering problems. Its development started in 1954 with John Backus and some IBM designers. It was first featured with IBM 704 computers.

For several years, FORTRAN was the only high level language available and the only alternative to machine-level or assembly language programming.

FORTRAN was the first programming language Bill Gates used in his high school years. His school wanted him to write a class scheduling program on a Digital computer. Bill wrote it in FORTRAN, and designed a special version to put him in classes with no other boys and all the girls he thought were cute!

After BASIC interpreter, FORTRAN was the second software sold by the new Microsoft Company. It was partly written by Bill Gates and ran under the CP/M operating system. The high quality of the software and its documentation placed Microsoft among the first serious suppliers in an emergent professional software industry.

diff --git a/content/history/french-logabax-lx-500-launched.html b/content/history/french-logabax-lx-500-launched.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..84cb3bc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/french-logabax-lx-500-launched.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "FRENCH LOGABAX LX-500 LAUNCHED", + "date": "1978-05-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "MAY 1978", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0578_logabax_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 16, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134358/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=16", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

Logabax, a French computer manufacturer specialized in small and medium size computers aimed at private and state-owned companies, launched its fist microcomputer.

It was a strange looking small plastic box containing a single multifunction Z80 based card and two 90 KB 5.25" floppy drives. A serial port allowed the Logabax video terminal to be connected. The system ran Logabax DOS and a flavour of CP/M Operating System.

In fact, due to its very expensive price for the time (about 4000 Euros) the LX-500 never met success near private companies despite Logabax efforts in setting up a European dealers network.

However, at this time French ministry of education sought French computers to equip thousands of high schools. Only two French manufacturers were able to provide such small systems: R2E and Logabax. Thus Logabax got more than half the ministry contract, even though the system was far to meet reliability and ease of use requested in educational environment.

Despite Logabax had priviliged access to procurement contracts with French state, the company met serious cash shortage problems. After several vain attempts from French government to refloat the company, Logabax was eventually sold in 1981 to Olivetti, the first Italian computers company. After some common ventures (Olivetti-Logabax Persona PC systems), Logabax finally disappeared for good.

diff --git a/content/history/heathkit-presents-its-first-computer.html b/content/history/heathkit-presents-its-first-computer.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..370911d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/heathkit-presents-its-first-computer.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "HEATHKIT PRESENTS ITS FIRST COMPUTER", + "date": "1977-09-01", + "years": [ + "1977" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "SEPTEMBER 1977", + "image": "/media/history/images/history_h8_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 24, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=24", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

When Heathkit launched its first computer in kit form, the Benton Harbor, Michigan company was the biggest electronic kits maker.

59 years before, in 1926, Ed Heath sold the first Heath kit, an airplane. Sadly, he died a short time later while testing a new airplane model. After the World War II, the company really found its way selling low-cost electronic kits made of U.S. Army surplus parts.

When a customer ordered the H8 kit, for $375, he received a bunch of circuit boards, various chips and passive components, a case, a power supply, and clear and progressive assembly instructions. After several hours or several weeks, the system was assembled, tested and ready to run. To run what? Only programs keyed in on the keypad and read on the Led display. The basic version didn't include any monitor display, ASCII keyboard and tape backup. When the computer was turned off, all the programmer work was gone and had to be typed again.

Hopefully, Heathkit immediately provided a set of essential software including the first version of the Benton Harbor BASIC, a text editor, an assembly language, and some simple games.

The first peripheral was the well-known H-10 paper tape puncher/reader, followed by the H-17 disk drives unit, H-9 video terminal and modem also sold in kit form. One year after it was launched, the H8 could run various operating systems including HDOS (Heath operating system) and CP/M.

When HEATH Company was sold to ZENITH Data Systems in November 1979, the H8 got the ZENITH logo. It was still manufactured until Heath closed down their kit business in the mid-80's.

diff --git a/content/history/ibm-yellowstone.html b/content/history/ibm-yellowstone.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7c3aa070 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/ibm-yellowstone.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "IBM ''YELLOWSTONE''", + "date": "1978-01-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "JANUARY 1978", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0178_ibm5110_2.jpg", + "oc_id": 9, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=9", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

"Yellowstone" was the code name for IBM's new revolutionary computer, the IBM 5110.

About two years earlier, IBM announced its smallest and first portable computer (If you consider a 28 Kgs. computer portable, that is), the IBM 5100, no bigger than one of IBM's typewriters. Developed in Rochester, it used the same operating system as IBM's /370 line of main frames. Thus it could accommodate the same APL interpreter, permitting the use of APL programs. However, it was a very primitive machine that was largely unsuccessful due to its high price tag (basic version costed $10,975) and limited expansion capabilities.

The new IBM 5110 was designed to provide much faster internal performance as well as many additional features. It supported full screen editing, 64 KB of RAM, the use of 8" disk drives and lower case characters.

The 5110 was later replaced by the 5120, an integrated system also known as the 5110 model 3.

diff --git a/content/history/intel-introduces-the-8086-microprocessor.html b/content/history/intel-introduces-the-8086-microprocessor.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ea5612d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/intel-introduces-the-8086-microprocessor.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "INTEL INTRODUCES THE 8086 MICROPROCESSOR", + "date": "1978-04-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "APRIL 1978", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0478_intel8086_2.jpg", + "oc_id": 4, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220607022500/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=4", + "date": "2022-06-07" + } + } +} + +

In April 1978, Intel introduced its first 16 bit microprocessor. Production started in May, eventually, the 8086 was officially released on June 8.

The chip had a 28.6 mm² size, was manufactured in NMOS process with 3µm linewidths and contained 29,000 transistors. This was nearly 5x the number of transistors in the earlier 8080, but 200x less than the 5.5 million transistors in a Pentium Pro!

In fact, since the first Intel 4004 processor, the number of transistors in a single chip has been doubling every eighteen months. This exponential rate predicted by Gordon Moore, Intel’s co-founder, is known as the Moore’s law

The 8086 implemented a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) design methodology, and, to improve performance, included a six-byte prefetch queue that was considered a primitive form of pipelining.
It featured twenty address lines giving a total address space of one megabyte. Actually, development team led by Bill Pohlman never suspected anyone would ever need more than one megabyte of RAM. However, the 8086 defines the base architecture of Intel's x86 family which is still in use in actual Intel processors.

The chip also featured a 16 bit data bus allowing a 16 bit value to be read or write in one clock pulse. However, this first version was too expensive to implement in small business computers of the time, so Intel developed an 8 bit data bus compatible version, the 8088. This version was chosen by IBM for the first IBM PC and made Intel the leader of a multi-million dollar industry.
In designing the 8086/8088, Intel chosen to keep an ascending compatibility with its previous 8080 processor, so the memory was not seen as a linear address space, but through 16 segments of 64 KB. This bank-switched architecture will have many negative impacts on PC hardware and software design.
When IBM designed their PC, they assigned ten segments for RAM and the remaining six to other system functions. IBM only started using the true 16 bit 8086 version in the PS/2 model 25 and model 30, in 1987.

First clones of the 8088 and 8086 were respectively the NEC V20 and V30. They had a more efficient design and were slightly faster and efficient, including instructions Intel will later use in its 80186 version.

Intel also released an expensive 8087 math coprocessor which really improved calculation speed for the few programs that supported it.

diff --git a/content/history/k-r-first-edition.html b/content/history/k-r-first-edition.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cda24497 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/k-r-first-edition.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "K&R FIRST EDITION", + "date": "1978-05-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Software" + ], + "params": { + "when": "MAY 1978", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0578_kern_richie.jpg", + "oc_id": 17, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=17", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

Although the C programming language was developed in the early 70's, there was no description of it published for several years, until the famous K&R. K&R was the summary for Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie the authors of "The C programming Language" which is still considered as the basic reference book for any programmer wishing to learn basis of the C language.

First edition appeared in 1978. It was the first official definition of the language and marked the real expansion of the Unix Operating System and its main language near professional and amateur users.

About this book, Dennis Ritchie wrote:
In 1978 Brian Kernighan and I published The C Programming Language [Kernighan 78]. Although it did not describe some additions that soon became common, this book served as the language reference until a formal standard was adopted more than ten years later. Although we worked closely together on this book, there was a clear division of labor: Kernighan wrote almost all the expository material, while I was responsible for the appendix containing the reference manual and the chapter on interfacing with the Unix system.

A second edition appeared about ten years later. It was completely rewritten with additional examples and problem sets to clarify the implementation of difficult language constructs.

diff --git a/content/history/lear-siegler-introduces-the-adm-3a-video-display-terminal-vdt.html b/content/history/lear-siegler-introduces-the-adm-3a-video-display-terminal-vdt.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..09e8def9 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/lear-siegler-introduces-the-adm-3a-video-display-terminal-vdt.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "LEAR-SIEGLER INTRODUCES THE ADM-3A VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINAL (VDT)", + "date": "1977-06-01", + "years": [ + "1977" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "JUNE 1977", + "image": "/media/history/images/learsiegler_adm3a_system_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 32, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=32", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

Did you know each time you visit the Old-computers home page, you see a Lear-Siegler ADM-3A terminal... displaying a READY message and a blinking cursor...

The ADM-3A was one of the first affordable serial display terminals manufactered by Lear-Siegler, Inc of Anaheim California.

Why ADM? Nobody knows, maybe American Dream Machine or Awful Dumb Monitor or Advanced Display Module or, more seriously, Anaheim Division, Manufacturing...
Why 3A? We know... Because this version quickly replaced a previous one, called ADM-3, which only displayed upper-case letters. The 3A version did not display upper-case letters, but an optional chip set allows them to be displayed

The product was originally sold in assembled form for $1,195. A kit version would appear few months later, at $995. It could be ordered with a white, green, or amber tube background colour.

The ADM-3A quickly met with great success thanks to its reliability and low price.

Some models were also manufactured with a graphics add-on card of about the same size as its motherboard. With that card installed, the terminal emulated Tectronix 4014 graphics quite well.

The setup of this 'Dumb machine' (as Lear Siegler advertised) was done using... 32 dip switches (!) located at the left of the keyboard. Among them, 11 was used for the communication rate (from 75 to 19200 bauds), others for parity, display configuration, character set, etc.

Thanks to Sebastien Richter and his website for the system image.

diff --git a/content/history/micropro-s-first-word-processor-software.html b/content/history/micropro-s-first-word-processor-software.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2dc4d991 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/micropro-s-first-word-processor-software.html @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +{ + "title": "MICROPRO'S FIRST WORD PROCESSOR SOFTWARE", + "date": "1978-09-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Software" + ], + "params": { + "when": "SEPTEMBER 1978", + "oc_id": 41, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=41", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

SuperSort and WordMaster were the first products sold by MicroPro International in September 1978. The company was formed by two employees of IMS Associates, a computer manufacturer which designed the IMSAI computer.

When Seymour Rubenstein was director of marketing for IMS, he started developing an early version of a word processor for the IMSAI 8080 computer. He convinced Rob Barnaby, a genius software programmer, to also leave IMS and join him at MicroPro adventure.

Barnaby wrote the first version of WordStar in September 1978. The program was entirely written in assembly language. Six months later, the commercial version was ready and first sales started in ComputerLand stores.

WordStar was then the best selling software program of the early eighties. Paradoxically, one of the main reasons of its commercial success was that it has also been the most pirated software in the world for several years. Much more books and WordStar manuals were sold than the software itself.

WordStar was designed to run on any CP/M machine. At the time, most of them used a serial video terminal as display device, with no editing and arrow keys. All the editing functions were thus performed through various combinations of Ctrl+letter keys. When the user got used to make the most of Control keys, typing and editing tasks were performed very quickly and WordStar was a very efficient tool.

From 1978 to 1984, sales jumped from $100,000 to $70 million. Wordstar, CalcStar and DataStar (first office suite) were ported to CP/M86 and PC/MS-DOS. In 1984, Micropro was the largest software company in the USA.

However, turnover curve started to reverse when several word processors were launched and began to compete with WordStar. Two of them will eventually supplant it, WordPerfect and later the first version of Microsoft Word. In 1985, Micropro released a new version called WordStar 2000, but it was rejected by users. WordStar source code was then sold to successive companies and the mythical word processor of the 80's sank gradually into oblivion.

More information and a detailed history of MicroPro and WordStar are available at www.wordstar.org

diff --git a/content/history/microsoft-cobol-80-released.html b/content/history/microsoft-cobol-80-released.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..de6046a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/microsoft-cobol-80-released.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "MICROSOFT COBOL-80 RELEASED", + "date": "1978-04-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Software" + ], + "params": { + "when": "APRIL 1978", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0478_cobol_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 5, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=5", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

In April 1978, Microsoft Corp. shipped first version of COBOL-80 its third computer language product after BASIC-80 and FORTRAN.

Although quite unknown by individual and small business computers users, COBOL (for Common Business Oriented Language) was, and is still used by huge business companies (finance, assurance) in critical areas.

The story of COBOL started in 1959, in a small corner of the Pentagon where Grace Hopper and a team of specialists coming from the computer industry, universities and Department of Defense started to work on initial specifications of a new language intended to be a business problem oriented, machine independent and capable of continuous change and development.
The initial specifications for COBOL were presented in April of 1960.

Since, COBOL has undergone considerable updates and improvements. It has emerged as the leading data processing language in the business world. Several revisions and standard forms of the language appeared in 1968, 1974, 1985. The latest revision has been completed in 2002.

Is COBOL still used? Let us give you this surprising information:
• In 1997 there were about 300 billion lines of computer business code in use in the world. Of that about 80% were in COBOL and 20% were written in all the other computer languages, including C and C++.
• In 2000, 95% of finance / ­insurance data was processed with COBOL. The Y2K scare was a big reason that a hoard of new COBOL programmers came out of school in the mid to late 90's. COBOL was probably the largest codebase that needed fixing.
• Through 2004-2005 15% of all new applications (5 billion lines) will be developed in COBOL.

Why such a success? Because COBOL is simple, structured and strong. It can handle very large applications (more than 1,000,000 lines of code). Last version includes object technology, IDE and graphical interfaces as well as integration with the World Wide Web.

diff --git a/content/history/mits-altair-company-is-sold-to-pertec.html b/content/history/mits-altair-company-is-sold-to-pertec.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1b34b5ed --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/mits-altair-company-is-sold-to-pertec.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "MITS - ALTAIR COMPANY IS SOLD TO PERTEC", + "date": "1977-05-01", + "years": [ + "1977" + ], + "topics": [ + "Companies" + ], + "params": { + "when": "MAY 1977", + "image": "/media/history/images/altair_8800b_system_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 34, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210308133905/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=34", + "date": "2021-03-08" + } + } +} + +

MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems) was founded in 1968 by Ed Roberts and two friends. MITS first made radio control devices, then calculators and in 1975 the Altair 8800 and 8800a microcomputer kits.

The 8800 system was sold for $397, a very attractive price. It is now considered by many to be the first real personal microcomputer any computer hobbyist could buy and use at home. Therefore, MITS and the Altair truly created the personal computer industry and changed the way many people live and work.

The Altair 8800 was also the first computer using a built-in Basic interpreter written by two guys working at MITS and called Bill Gates and Paul Allen.

Though the company maintained its lead as the primary seller, in 1976 MITS was in trouble. The company had grown too big too fast and had too many projects going on at the same time. Computers hardware quality was not good, products were failing, and customers were complaining. Communication within the company began to deteriorate. Paul Allen and Bill Gates both left MITS to develop their own company, Micro-Soft. Many manufacturers copied the Altair concept and one's heard about modern easy-to-use computers called Apple or Commodore.

In May 1977, Ed Roberts decided to sell MITS to Pertec for $6 million, a larger company that manufactured disks and tape drives for minicomputers and mainframe computers. Sadly, the sale of the company did not solve problems. The Pertec management team came in with new ideas and a new way of working and MITS people began to leave the company. Even Roberts became fed up with Pertec and left too. Pertec continued making Altairs small business System for about a year after the acquisition, moving away from the "Hobbyist Computer" image of the 8800. Computer production ceased definitively in July 1978.

diff --git a/content/history/nec-pc-8001-the-birth-of-the-japanese-home-computer-industry.html b/content/history/nec-pc-8001-the-birth-of-the-japanese-home-computer-industry.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..53d399ce --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/nec-pc-8001-the-birth-of-the-japanese-home-computer-industry.html @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +{ + "title": "NEC PC-8001, THE BIRTH OF THE JAPANESE HOME COMPUTER INDUSTRY", + "date": "1979-02-01", + "years": [ + "1979" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "FEBRUARY 1979", + "oc_id": 48, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220429214058/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=48", + "date": "2022-04-29" + } + } +} + +

In 1977, Kazuhiko Nishi, the founder of ASCII Corporation and publisher of I/O, the first Japanese magazine dedicated to home computers, convinced NEC Corporation executive Kazuya Watanbe to build the first home computer in Japan.

Kazuhiko Nishi was also a friend of Bill Gates who started Microsoft two years earlier and wanted to work closely with Japanese hardware manufacturers in the development of microcomputers. He introduced him to NEC in 1978.

The NEC PC-8001 was released in Japan in 1979 with a Microsoft operating system and Basic interpreter in ROM. Although it was not the very first Japanese home computer - The Sharp MZ80K and the Hitachi Basic Master MB-6880 were released in 1978 - it was by far the best selling 8-bit machine for two years in the Japanese domestic market. Up to 1983, about 150,000 machines were sold and a wide range of software was developed for the 8001, from games to management programs.

Although a few thousands machines were sold world-wide, NEC, like all of the Japanese computer manufacturers at the time, never made big efforts to promote its computer apart from its domestic market. If the PC-8001 had been launched in USA and Europe along with a real marketing support, it would have been a very serious competitor to the first Apple, Commodore and Tandy home computers.

The 8001 also marked the beginning of a close collaboration between Microsoft and almost all the Japanese manufacturers, up to the birth of the first MSX machine, in 1983.

diff --git a/content/history/north-star-horizon-announced.html b/content/history/north-star-horizon-announced.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..89e51afa --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/north-star-horizon-announced.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "NORTH STAR HORIZON ANNOUNCED", + "date": "1977-11-01", + "years": [ + "1977" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "NOVEMBER 1977", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_10-77_northstar_2.jpg", + "oc_id": 18, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211018195727/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=18", + "date": "2021-10-18" + } + } +} + +

In November 1977, Byte magazine said:

North Star Computers Inc. has announced the new North Star Horizon computer which uses a full speed (4 Mhz.) Z80 microprocessor and includes 16 KB of memory, a disk controller with one or two Shugart minifloppy disk drives and full extended disk basic. A serial I/O port is also provided.

Options include additional disk drives, hardware floating point arithmetic board, 24 lines by 80 character upper and lower case video display controller board, and 16 KB memory board with parity check. The video display board, when used in conjunction with the 16 KB memory board will display high resolution (480 by 250 points) graphics on a video monitor. The Horizon computer uses the Altair S-100 bus.

The single drive is $1599 in kit form and $1899 assembled. The dual drive is $1999 in kit form and $2349 assembled.

In fact, Horizon computers started to be sold several months before this press release was printed. At the time, North Star argued that the Horizon was the fist 'personal computer' that could load or save a 10 Kb disk program in less than 2 seconds.

The Horizon was one of the first business computers that was successfully introduced into small and medium size companies thanks to its robust construction and its efficient and easy-to-use software package.

The first issue of the Horizon newsletter is dated August 1977. It was then periodically mailed to all North Star product users and offered new products advertising, hardware and software updates, communication and software exchanges between users.

diff --git a/content/history/outer-space.html b/content/history/outer-space.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..741e617e --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/outer-space.html @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +{ + "title": "OUTER SPACE!", + "date": "1961-07-01", + "years": [ + "1961" + ], + "topics": [ + "Network", + "Software" + ], + "params": { + "when": "JULY 1961", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0761_outerspace_s1.jpg", + "oc_id": 58, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=58", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

The story of a $120,000 worth calculator used for implementing one of the first videogame in the computing history...

The DEC PDP-1


Yup, it costed $120,000 but the second of them produced was given free to the MIT Labs (Thanks DEC)

It was simply revolutionary. It occupied the room of three big refrigerators, it had a CRT and the usual Flexowriter for input/output and most important it didn't need air conditioning and used conventional 110 Volt supply!
It used words of 18 bits and a basic setup had memory (core magnetic type) for up to 4096 words and expandable to 65536 The Flexowriter could read and write paper tapes used for storing programs.

As the PDP-1 arrived at the MIT Labs those hackers saw it as a further step that might have taken their dream closer to reality.

The Hackers

Who were these guys? They were a bunch of students and professors at MIT (namely Peter Samson, Alan Kotok, John McCarthy, Slug Russell, and others…)
They were interested in systems. It could be a model railway track or a phone system or whatever else. They studied and experimented with them endlessy, maybe not going to the classes and never got graduated but that was not the point. The point was to hack more!

They had a sort of unwritten manifesto that can be resumed here: (from Hackers written by S.Levy)
Access to computers should be unlimited and total!
All information should be free.
Mistrust authority - Promote Decentralization.
Hackers should be judged by their hacking, not bogus criteria such as degree, age, race or position.
You can create art and beauty on a computer.

But above all…
Computer can change your life for the better.

At the labs they fight for access on a computer, moved by the 'hands on' imperative. They coded hard with those first microcomputers (?!) and the will to improve their results every time was astounding. 

No matter how many hours they worked they liked to give the system a new feature. So if you gave a project to a hacker it would always be a work in progress...

...and the Spacewar


Slug Russell thought about some cool demo to program on this beauty, the PDP-1. 

The CRT was then a great feature of the PDP-1 as it was easily programmable. The PDP-1 had also been used to produce music already. Hackers had also written a new assembler in about a weekend of work replacing the standard factory version, which they thought it wasn't efficient enough!

So Slug thought about a game, a game about duel in an outer space between two ships! A graphic algorithm developed by prof. Minsky called ‘Three Position Display’ initially inspired him. Alan Kotok provided another piece with some routines for tracing the ships positions on screen.

Then after some coding Slug defined some elements of its game. He decided the shapes of the two ships and the controls for them: clockwise turn, counter-clockwise turn, accelerate and fire torpedo. He finished a first version and demoed it to the others.
What you would expect? The hackers started to improve it! 

In a totally free environment every contribution was added to the game. Someone corrected the trajectory for the torpedoes, Peter Samson defined a new map for the sky background (now it represented a map with all the real constellations, not just a random dotted screen), and then a central sun was added and simulated a gravity effect as the ship could orbit around it or burn into it if too close. Even a rudimental joystick was built then as using the PDP-1 front panel switches was rather painful...
The greatest feature was the hyperspace launch. Sometimes when you got in trouble you could fly into the nth space and your ship would appear in another (random) point of the screen, maybe next to the central sun :)

This work was made available totally free on the usual paper tapes. Some one argued maybe some dollars could be made out of it but that wasn't the point then. Actually the game was well spread in the country already so it was impossible to control! Even at DEC at some time they used to demo and test the machine at the factory!

So if you play to one of those arcade shooting game remember where all come from…from a university lab!

Thanks to Marco Chrappan for information and pictures.

diff --git a/content/history/sinclair-mk-14.html b/content/history/sinclair-mk-14.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..15b50497 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/sinclair-mk-14.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "SINCLAIR MK-14", + "date": "1978-07-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "JULY 1978", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0778_mk14_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 37, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=37", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

In 1978 was born the MK-14, the first computer made by the Sinclair company (called at the time Science of Cambridge because Sinclair name was used by another company).

The MK-14 was a training board sold in kit form costing around £40 and featuring a National Semiconductor SC/MP 8-bit processor, 256 bytes of RAM, 512 bytes of ROM holding a monitor, calculator keyboard and display, and some I/O ports.

In fact, Clive Sinclair was not very enthusiastic about a personal computer project. The MK-14 project was thus managed by Chris Curry and produced by National Semiconductor. As the system was five times cheaper than its closest competitor, the Compukit UK-101, about 20,000 MK-14 boards were sold in the U.K.

Chris Curry, who believed much more than Clive Sinclair in the future of such computers, left the company in 1978, founded Acorn Computers with Herman Hauser and built its fist computer kit, the System 1. A few months later, Sir Sinclair decided that computers were a good way to raise money and started a new project: a complete computer for less than £100.

Meantime, the MK-14 grew into a modular system and several additional cards allowed to expand the system: cassette interface, text and graphics video module and Eprom programmer. 128 and 256 bytes RAM expansion modules could also be added up to a total of 640 bytes, Yes...640 BYTES...

If the MK-14 had not been launched, Clive Sinclair wouldn't probably think so soon of its ZX-80 and the world personal computer scene would have been very different.

diff --git a/content/history/softside-first-issue-released.html b/content/history/softside-first-issue-released.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..01db7603 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/softside-first-issue-released.html @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +{ + "title": "SOFTSIDE, FIRST ISSUE RELEASED", + "date": "1978-10-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Companies" + ], + "params": { + "when": "OCTOBER 1978", + "oc_id": 42, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=42", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

In October 1978, the first issue of SoftSide magazine was released. Managed by Roger Robitaille, it became quickly the leading type-it-in-yourself magazine for the Tandy TRS-80 and later Apple II, IBM-PC and Atari computers. At the time all computer fans were continuously seeking new programs for their machine and the cheaper way was to type them from a computer magazine.

In late 70s and early 80s, computer publications were amazingly valuable sources of information. They covered everything, from complete adventure games or useful machine language subroutines to undocumented operating system features to the occasional hardware hack.

The first publication devoted to personal computing was the Amateur Computer Society (ACS) newsletter. Issue 1 appeared in August 1966. The first one dedicated to a specific computer was the Micro-8 newsletter, published in 1974. Many others will follow in USA, among them:
• Creative Computing in December 1974,
• Byte, the small systems journal, in September 1975,
• Dr. Dobb's Journal in January 1976,
• Personal Computing Magazine in January 1977,
• Call Apple and Nibble in 1980, dedicated to the Apple II.

More than one Thousand magazines were released around the world between 1975 and 1980. The first and most significant one outside USA was ASCII, a Japanese magazine created by Akio Gunji and Kazuhiko Nishi in 1977.

diff --git a/content/history/software-records-a-bad-idea.html b/content/history/software-records-a-bad-idea.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..20c78b7e --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/software-records-a-bad-idea.html @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +{ + "title": "SOFTWARE RECORDS, A BAD IDEA...", + "date": "1977-07-01", + "years": [ + "1977" + ], + "topics": [ + "Companies", + "Software" + ], + "params": { + "when": "JULY 1977", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_vinylad_2.jpg", + "oc_id": 30, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=30", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

In July 1977, Software Records launched the first issue of its BASIC software collection recorded on a 12" vinyl record. User could directly transfer programs from its record player to its computer or tape a copy. Sadly, as soon as the vinyl record had a tiny scratch, recorded programs were unreadable.

The first advert (left) was optimistic: "If everybody who read this ad would order one, we would be sold out!"

The second advert came out three months later, it was like a S.O.S.: "If we don't sell a bunch of our BASIC Software Volume 1 albums quick, we'll get fired!".

Were they fired? One thing for sure: Basic Software Volume 2 never came to life...

diff --git a/content/history/space-invaders.html b/content/history/space-invaders.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9811d080 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/space-invaders.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "SPACE INVADERS", + "date": "1978-02-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Software" + ], + "params": { + "when": "FEBRUARY 1978", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0278_spaceinv_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 1, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134358/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=1", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +


In February 1978, a programmer called Toshihiro Nishikado finalized a primitive spaceship shoot'em up video game. Originally, the player had to shoot down soldiers who tried to cross the screen but, at the time, it was politically unwise to encourage killing humans, the soldiers were then replaced with an alien invasion.

Four month later, Taito, a company that sold video games since 1971, launched the first Space Invaders coin operated cabinet. The game became immediately a national passion. It was so popular in Japan that it caused a severe shortage of the 100-Yen coins needed to play the game, until the coins production was quadrupled. Beside arcades shops which featured nothing but Space Invader machines, one found Space Invaders cabinets everywhere in Japan: restaurants, ice cream and pizza shops, laundries...

In 1980, the game was licensed from Taito by Midway for production and use in the United States. The mania wasn’t quite as intense - no quarter shortage - but Space Invaders was still a phenomenal success.
The same year, it was released on the Atari 2600, making it the first ever home conversion of an arcade game. Several dozen thousands 2600 consoles were then sold only for playing Space Invaders.

This game was probably the first game to manifest "repetitive motion injuries" and "near-epileptic seizures" in children - something that disturbed medical and childhood development professionals that wanted it banned.

500,000 machines were sold worldwide, 350,000 of which were sold in Japan alone. Literally billions of dollars and yens in coins were pumped into the machine from 1978 to 1980. The original Space Invaders brought in over $500 million in revenue for Taito, making it, even today, one of the most profitable and successful games of all time. Of course, Space Invaders was followed by numerous imitators such as Space Invaders II, Invaders Revenge or Galaxian.

Later, Activision, Inc. acquired the rights to develop and produce interactive games based on Space Invaders for the PC, PlayStation, Nintendo 64 and Nintendo Gameboy systems worldwide, excluding Japan, making Space Invader still alive more than 20 years after it was launched.

diff --git a/content/history/stan-veit-opens-computer-mart-of-new-york.html b/content/history/stan-veit-opens-computer-mart-of-new-york.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..78db80f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/stan-veit-opens-computer-mart-of-new-york.html @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +{ + "title": "STAN VEIT OPENS COMPUTER MART OF NEW YORK", + "date": "1976-02-01", + "years": [ + "1976" + ], + "topics": [ + "People" + ], + "params": { + "when": "FEBRUARY 1976", + "oc_id": 71, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134358/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=71", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +Stan Veit opens Computer Mart of New York, second computer store and first to sell more thas one brand of computers. diff --git a/content/history/tandy-announces-the-trs-80-model-ii.html b/content/history/tandy-announces-the-trs-80-model-ii.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cc9f51ce --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/tandy-announces-the-trs-80-model-ii.html @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +{ + "title": "TANDY ANNOUNCES THE TRS-80 MODEL II", + "date": "1979-05-01", + "years": [ + "1979" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "MAY 1979", + "oc_id": 57, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134358/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=57", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

In May 1979, Tandy introduced the Model II which was first shipped in October. The Model II was not an upgrade of the Model I, but an entirely different system whose size, weight, equipment and price ($3450 for the 32 KB version) show that it was clearly intended for the small business market.

Internally, the Model II featured a passive backplane able to support up to 8 logic cards. The basic system used 4 slots, and shipped with a 12" green display, a detachable keyboard and a single Shugart single-sided, double-density 8" floppy drive that would reliably store up to 475 KB of programs and data. At that time, this was an enormous amount for personal desktop computers, compared to the 80 - 100 KB the newer 5.25 shugart drives could store.

Furthermore, the Model II had provision for plugging in an expansion chassis which allowed up to 3 more floppy drives to be added. Totalling 2 MB, this storage capacity allowed the Model II to do things that were impossible with most other systems of the time, and made it very popular for accounting systems and large database management. Tandy also offered additional chained 5 MB and 10 MB hard drives.

When the machine was launched, Tandy only supported its TRS-DOS Operating System through versions 1.1, 1.2 and 2.0. Interestingly enough, these OSs were Y2K compliant, whereas further Model III and IV OSs didn't recognise dates beyond 1987! Several languages were available: BASIC interpreter and compiler, FORTRAN IV, COBOL and PASCAL, as well as a strange but efficient word processor called Scripsit. Fortunately, several third-party developers quickly adapted the CP/M 2.2 OS which became an important part of the sales pitch, and allowed standard business programs like WordStar word processor or the new VisiCalc spreasheet to be run, along with enabling the exchange of data with other CP/M systems. Options for the machine also included a 6 MHz 68000 board with extra memory so it could run XENIX.

The Model II was on sale for four years. It was replaced in 1983 by the more advanced Mod. 12 and Mod. 16 in which a dual 5.25" 1.2 MB drive took the place of the old 8" drive. A smaller version of the Model II was also released, with an upgraded video display, and 5.25" floppies.

diff --git a/content/history/tcp-ip.html b/content/history/tcp-ip.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..65d75344 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/tcp-ip.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "TCP/IP", + "date": "1978-07-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Software" + ], + "params": { + "when": "JULY 1978", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0778_tcp-ip_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 38, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=38", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

In 1978, The Xerox Corporation created an Internet Protocol called IP. A few months later, IP, combined with the TCP protocol would be known as the TCP/IP, a standard system for information exchange in large networks and later the World Wide Web.

Back in the 60's, the U.S. government’s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), searched a way to keep academic and military computers talking with each other in the event of an international conflict. They founded ARPAnet, the first decentralized network allowing a part of the network to keep working even if another one was unable to work. ARPAnet began operating in 1969, based on a protocol called NCP.

As the ARPAnet grew larger, it became clear that NCP was not robust enough to handle the huge amount of data transferred between computers. In 1974, a team of computer scientists supervised by Vint Cerf implements a new protocol called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). TCP was faster, easier to use, more flexible and reliable. It was introduced in 1977 for cross-network connections, and slowly began to replace NCP within the original ARPAnet.

IP was thus added to TCP in 1978. TCP handled the correct transmission of data packets and error checking, IP took care of connecting the server and client computers to the various networks necessary to send data across the Internet. On January 1st 1983, every machine connected to ARPAnet switched from NCP to TCP/IP which became the core Internet protocol. The Internet Activities Board (IAB) was created. The University of Wisconsin created Domain Name System (DNS). Internet gradually became more 'user friendly'... You know the following of the Internet story!

diff --git a/content/history/texas-instruments-ti-99-4-first-16-bit-home-computer.html b/content/history/texas-instruments-ti-99-4-first-16-bit-home-computer.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..713e0bc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/texas-instruments-ti-99-4-first-16-bit-home-computer.html @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +{ + "title": "TEXAS INSTRUMENTS TI-99/4, FIRST 16-BIT HOME COMPUTER", + "date": "1979-06-01", + "years": [ + "1979" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "JUNE 1979", + "oc_id": 54, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134358/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=54", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

When Texas Instruments announced its new personal computer at the Consumer Electronics Show, other players in the home computer market started shaking. Texas was the world's major chip manufacturer, it was also well known to the general public for its watches and calculators. Moreover, the new machine would be the first home computer to use a 16-bit microprocessor.

In fact, the TI-99/4 didn't meet US radio frequency regulations, so it was only really released in quantity in early 1980 along with a specific T.I. colour monitor. It was a robust machine, well-manufactured, enclosed in a nice plastic and metal case. However, it suffered from three major faults:
• Its "chicklet-like" keyboard did not allowed fast typing,
• Its BASIC, not written in assembly language, was very slow,
• Its price, $1150, was practically the same as the new Apple II+.

Although T.I. also released several original peripherals - a floppy disc interface, a serial interface, a speech Synthesizer, a thermal printer and joysticks - along with much software on solid-state cartridges, the TI-99/4 was a commercial flop, mainly because of the price war with Commodore and its VIC-20. T.I. tried to sell the machine in the European market, but it arrived too late, about the same time as the TI-99/4A was lauched in the USA, so very few models were sold.

In 1982, the price was dropped from $1150 to $500, and T.I. launched the TI-99/4A which resolved all of the major problems of the original model, better keyboard and faster Basic. But in the meantime, other manufacturers, including some Far East companies, had launched cheap machines and T.I was obliged to sell its TI-99 at a loss. Moreover, due to the specific microprocessor and hardware configuration, very few third-party companies wrote software and designed peripherals for the TI-99.

T.I. still sold the TI-99 for a further two years. A third version with a beige plastic case was even launched. In 1984, T.I. finally decided to withdraw for good from the home computer business. Last TI-99's were sold for about $100 by second-hand dealers.

_______________________

Pictures, courtesy of the excellent site TI-99 Forever!

diff --git a/content/history/the-8088-first-intel-s-really-successful-cpu.html b/content/history/the-8088-first-intel-s-really-successful-cpu.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0d60bce4 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/the-8088-first-intel-s-really-successful-cpu.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "THE 8088, FIRST INTEL'S REALLY SUCCESSFUL CPU", + "date": "1979-06-01", + "years": [ + "1979" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware", + "People" + ], + "params": { + "when": "JUNE 1979", + "oc_id": 56, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220429214219/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=56", + "date": "2022-04-29" + } + } +} + +

One year after having announced the 8086 (see April 1978 in the history section), Intel released the 8088 which was basically the same microprocessor. It ran at the same clock speed and had the same capacity for memory addressing, but its 8-bit data bus was half the size of its predecessor. All internal instructions were executed with 16-bit registers but a 16-bit data transfer needed two clock cycles to be performed.

Although this made the 8088 less efficient than the 8086, it was less expensive and allowed computer manufacturers to design and make cheaper 8-bit bus computers.

The 8088 became Intel's first really successful CPU when it was adopted, in 1981, by IBM for their IBM PC and XT and by most XT-class clones.

All of the following processors made by Intel kept the 8088 instruction set, up to the Pentium 4 which, 25 years later, can execute any piece of code that ran on the original 8088, but about 5,000 times faster!

diff --git a/content/history/the-first-version-of-flight-simulator-is-launched.html b/content/history/the-first-version-of-flight-simulator-is-launched.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ad13c368 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/the-first-version-of-flight-simulator-is-launched.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "THE FIRST VERSION OF FLIGHT SIMULATOR IS LAUNCHED", + "date": "1979-02-01", + "years": [ + "1979" + ], + "topics": [ + "Network", + "Software" + ], + "params": { + "when": "FEBRUARY 1979", + "oc_id": 49, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220429214339/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=49", + "date": "2022-04-29" + } + } +} + +

The story of Flight Simulator started in 1977, when Bruce Artwick formed his own company, SubLogic. Artwick had two passions, computer graphics and flying. The idea of simulating an aeroplane on a personal computer started to take form the same year on one of the first Apple II computer with a 10 KB assembly program.

Artwick also wrote articles about this idea in several magazines. As numerous readers wanted to buy the program, he launched the first official release of Flight Simulator on January 31st 1979. First sales occurred in February. The program became an instant success.

The program used very simple graphics, just a few lines on the screen to indicate the instrument readings and the terrain; but the illusion was realistic and powerful. In a few hours, any budding pilot was able to take off, fly circles around objects, find the airport again, and land without seeing "Crash!"

Several improved versions were soon developed for the Tandy TRS-80, the Commodore 64, and the Atari 800, they featured 18 instruments including Oil pressure and Temperature, Fuel, Tachometer, and even a radar display.

In 1981, Microsoft bought the rights of Flight Simulator. One year later, the IBM-PC version was released and became the first successful game program for the PC and compatible systems.
From then on, and until 2004, 9 major updates were released by Microsoft, millions of units were sold all over the world and quite an industry has grown up providing utilities as well as aircrafts, flight panels and sceneries to use with the main software. To date, Flight Simulator is still the most popular entertainment title ever produced for the personal computer.

For more information, see this very detailed site about Flight Simulator history.

FlightSimBooks.com provides full text of eleven classic flight simulation books.

diff --git a/content/history/the-mother-of-all-demos.html b/content/history/the-mother-of-all-demos.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b808a9d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/the-mother-of-all-demos.html @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +{ + "title": "THE MOTHER OF ALL DEMOS", + "date": "1968-12-01", + "years": [ + "1968" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware", + "People", + "Software", + "Videogames" + ], + "params": { + "when": "DECEMBER 1968", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_1268_motherdemo_s1.jpg", + "oc_id": 59, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134358/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=59", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +


Back in 1968, one man had a vision. This vision regarded sharing informations. The computer revolution gave the user a massive strength but very little was done to help people to work together.

Mouse, hyperlinks and email where shown that day by Doug Engelbart and his researchers at Stanford during a 90 minute presentation. 

But most of all the desire for open exchange of informations fueled the demonstration. And that desire is still alive today as it needs to be fulfilled. 

Internet and the Open Source movement embodies part of what he wanted to demonstrate.

Many GUI's concept were shown, as the mouse pointer, copy and paste functions, hierarchical organization of data. We can say that many Xerox PARC studies start probably from here...

Still that day he talked about the ARPAnet project in which a few computers
were linked on a network and that with a certain bandwidth he might present his demo from another town (yes net conference!)



The demo itself: diff --git a/content/history/the-z80-a-becomes-available-in-production-quantities.html b/content/history/the-z80-a-becomes-available-in-production-quantities.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6ff16950 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/the-z80-a-becomes-available-in-production-quantities.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "THE Z80-A BECOMES AVAILABLE IN PRODUCTION QUANTITIES", + "date": "1977-05-01", + "years": [ + "1977" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "MAY 1977", + "image": "/media/history/images/proocessors_z80_inside_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 33, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230423040406/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=33", + "date": "2023-04-23" + } + } +} + +

At its new manufacturing facilities in Cupertino, Zilog announced the manufacture of the Z80-A in February 24 1977. The Z80-A has a standard clock rate of 4 Mhz. which is made possible by a new technology developped by Zilog. Single quantity prices are $65 for the ceramic package and $59 for the plastic version. According to Zilog, the Z80-A is considered to be the fastest standard microprocessor. Its instructions cycle is 1 µs, and its throughput is 60% above the one of the Z80.

From now, it becomes available in production quantities for computer manufacturers. The standard Z80 at a clock rate of 2.5 Mhz. wil be continued at a reduced price.

diff --git a/content/history/ti-launches-a-new-eprom-chip.html b/content/history/ti-launches-a-new-eprom-chip.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0dbe5118 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/ti-launches-a-new-eprom-chip.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "TI LAUNCHES A NEW EPROM CHIP", + "date": "1977-10-01", + "years": [ + "1977" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "OCTOBER 1977", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_eprom2716_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 21, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=21", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

The first 2716 EPROM was launched in October 1977 by Texas Instruments.

An EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) can be programmed and then erased enabling it to be re-used about 1000 times. Programming is accomplished through a device called Eprom programmer (or EPROM burner), erasure uses an Ultra Violet light source that shines through a quartz erasing window.

At the time, EPROM's were widely used to store boot-up programs in small systems or saving user's programs in computers that didn't featured tape recorder or floppy drive interface. Two types of EPROM chip were already used in 1977: 2704 (512 bytes) and 2708 (1 KB), but then users and computer manufacturers were requiring higher capacity chips. So came the 2716, wich was able to store 2 KB. The first TMS 2716 is actually a rarity because the chip needed 3 different voltages to run it, which was different than the 2716 Intel's and all others that manufacturers made later. So, TI quickly built a new Intel compatible chip, called it TMS2516 to differenciate it from the first version and sold hundred thousands of pieces.

diff --git a/content/history/trs-80-model-1-now-available.html b/content/history/trs-80-model-1-now-available.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6f933613 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/trs-80-model-1-now-available.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "TRS-80 MODEL 1 NOW AVAILABLE", + "date": "1977-08-01", + "years": [ + "1977" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "AUGUST 1977", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_0877_tandy_1.jpg", + "oc_id": 27, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=27", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

The TRS-80 availability was announced at a press conference held in New-York city on August 3, 1977. Deliveries started two weeks later. Two versions were initially sold: the keyboard/computer alone for $399 or the full version with display and cassette storage unit for $599. The system featured a 4 KB Level 1 Basic and 4 KB of RAM.

Radio Shack managers were very cautious about the most expensive item they never sold. They planed to sell about 600 to 1000 systems in the first year... but they received more than 10,000 orders in the first month!

The systems have been manufactured in Fort Worth and Austin factories. As several bugs weren't solved when the first machines were delivered, the TRS-80 was nicknamed "Trash 80".
Despite these birth problems, the TRS-80 became instantly a great success thanks to the Radio Shack strong distribution channel and to the 56 service centers.

Steve Leininger and Don French, the inventors of the TRS-80 quickly replaced the poor Level I Basic (that didn't allowed to save a program on tape!) with a 12 KB level 2 version. They also released memory extensions, an expansion interface and a floppy disc unit... Actually, every Level 1/4K owners upgraded their system to a Level 2/16K+ version.

The Model 1 became the ancestor of a large family of TRS computers. It was discontinued in 1981 because it never met the American FCC's Radio Frequency Interference rules.

diff --git a/content/history/university-computer-lab-in-1978.html b/content/history/university-computer-lab-in-1978.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..dd3fbb88 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/university-computer-lab-in-1978.html @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +{ + "title": "UNIVERSITY COMPUTER LAB IN 1978", + "date": "1978-08-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "AUGUST 1978", + "oc_id": 40, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=40", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

Want to save your 8 KB program? Please, wait between 30 mn and 3 hours... This was one of the various difficulties encountered in the daily use of computers in an Academic Computer Lab, in 1978.

At the time, Jerald W. Burnett was the computer lab manager of Cameron University of Lawton, Oklahoma. He recalls:

My memory of the Computer Lab in Burch Hall 1978 is still fairly vivid. I had just graduated from Cameron with a BS in Business Administration and had experience in electronics from my 4 year Navy Enlistment. At that time electronics experience was valued as the Lab Manager did troubleshooting and maintenance on various equipment. In particular, the ADM3 terminals were very susceptible to damage during lightning storms. It was not unusual to replace the 'line driver' chips in several terminals after storms.

Equipment in the Computer Lab in 1978: 12 IBM 029 keypunch machines 3 ADM3 Lear Siegler Video Terminals 1 Line Printer 1 Card Reader 1 HP2000 Computer 1 Paper Tape "Flyreader" 1 Teletype Machine

In July of 1978 the Academic Computer Lab was in a little room in the basement of Burch hall and had three Adm3 video terminals, about 12 IBM029 Keypunch machines, a card read and a line printer that were connected to an HP2000MX that emulated an interactive session on the HP3000. The HP2000MX was an 'interesting' device. The way we were set up, it had to be loaded daily (sometimes more often) from a paper tape.

We had an old teletype machine that would duplicate the paper tapes from a master copy and could also be used to read the tape and load the program from it into memory. I think it ran at 110 baud! We also had a 'flyreader' that would read the paper tape at a speed of 600 baud. Students would write their programs, key their programs on the 80 column punch cards and then put them at the back of the card tray. A student worker would closely monitor the card reader and add jobs to it from the front of the card tray. On a good day, you might get a run in as little as 30 minutes. Around the end of the semester? Sometimes around 3 hours. Thorough desk checking was encouraged to minimize the number of re-runs.

Those keypunch machines were a persistent source of problems. Someone would get a card jammed and it could take 30 minutes or more to get all the little pieces of it cleaned out. First you attempt to pull it out in one piece. Then, you get the little spring-steel device that has a hook on one side and saw teeth on the other and do what you can with it to dig out the rest. If that is not successful, you start removing pieces from around the card path to provide better access. As a last resort, it's time to call the IBM repairman. We saw him on a pretty regular basis for one reason or another - all dealing with the keypunch machines.

diff --git a/content/history/vax-11-780-the-first-vax-system.html b/content/history/vax-11-780-the-first-vax-system.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e777becb --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/vax-11-780-the-first-vax-system.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "title": "VAX 11/780, THE FIRST VAX SYSTEM", + "date": "1977-10-01", + "years": [ + "1977" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "OCTOBER 1977", + "image": "/media/history/images/timeline_vax780_2.jpg", + "oc_id": 20, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220408001423/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=20", + "date": "2022-04-08" + } + } +} + +

The VAX 11/780 was introduced on October 25, 1977 at the Digital Equipment Corporation's Annual Meeting of Shareholders. It was the first member of the VAX computer family, the first commercially available 32-bit computer and the first one MIPS (one million instructions per second) machine.

The computer and its operating system (VMS) were designed both from scratch. The result was a really reliable, powerful and user-friendly system. The affordable price level allowed many institutions and universities to acquire it.

In a VAX, one finds the basic architecture of the previous Digital PDP-11. Both systems were partially hardware and software compatible. However, the Virtual Address eXtension (VAX) allowed the use of 32-bit addressing, the number of the processor general registers has been doubled (16 instead of 8) and the instructions set deeply improved. The systeme bus, called LSI-11 then Q-Bus was the same as the PDP-11's. The Vax 11/780 was UNIBUS based system (16 bits).

For many years, VAX 11/780 remained the base system every computer speed benchmarks refered to. Several programming languages could be used, such as Fortran-77, Cobol, Bliss-32, PL/I, BASIC, PASCAL, CORAL 66, and a netware software called DecNet.

The VAX 11 series was sold until 1988. A dual processor version has been launched in 1981 (11/782) as well as various systems, from the small VAXstation 1 up to the VAX 9000 mainframe. The VMS operating system is still sold by Digital (bought by Compaq in 1999) and it seems that a few of VAX 11/780 were still in use in the year 2000.

The photo below is of Proto Type 15, the first Vax to have cabinet skins, taken in Tewksbury, Massachusetts, about 1977.

diff --git a/content/history/xerox-alto.html b/content/history/xerox-alto.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a937c2e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/xerox-alto.html @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +{ + "title": "XEROX ALTO", + "date": "1978-11-01", + "years": [ + "1978" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "NOVEMBER 1978", + "oc_id": 44, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=44", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

In 1978, Xerox donated fifty Altos to Stanford, Carnegie-Mellon, and MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). These machines featured a revolutionary concept called WIMP for Window Icon Mouse Pointer which wil become, a few years later, a universal standard for all of our modern computers.

The idea of a graphical interface was born 5 years earlier at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Centre) as a part of an "automated office of the future" project. Within two years, engineers invented all the basic concepts of a new Human-Computer interface: the Graphical User Interface with a bitmap screen display, windows, icons and drop-down menu bars, the mouse, but also Ethernet protocols for local area networks, the Smalltalk programming language and a software productivity suite with a word processor, paint program, and even email.

The first technical achievement was the Alto, a 64K machine which featured all of the above concepts. It was launched in 1974 but didn't meet success because of its $40.000 high price. Remember that at this time, none of the well known first personal computers (Imsai, Apple, Tandy, Commodore...) existed.

In 1981, Xerox presented the successor of the Alto. The Star was a 512K machine dedicated to groups working together with integrated and interconnected components that shared mail, printing and filing. However nobody knew what that meant! Sharing information and communicating were foreign to the IBM-PC culture. Thus Xerox gave up on the project. The Alto-Star designers left the company and joined Apple or Microsoft.

In 1979 Steve Jobs saw the Alto and realized it was the future of computing. Many of the ideas in the Alto showed up two years later in the Apple Lisa, and finally made it to market in the Apple Macintosh.

In 1983, the first (and later) version of Microsoft Windows was also strongly inspired from the Alto concepts.

diff --git a/content/history/zilog-z8000.html b/content/history/zilog-z8000.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5f9b26da --- /dev/null +++ b/content/history/zilog-z8000.html @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +{ + "title": "ZILOG Z8000", + "date": "1979-04-01", + "years": [ + "1979" + ], + "topics": [ + "Hardware" + ], + "params": { + "when": "APRIL 1979", + "oc_id": 52, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221215134357/http://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=52", + "date": "2022-12-15" + } + } +} + +

The Z8000 CPU series was introduced in early 1979, between the launch of the Intel 8086 (April 1978) and the Motorola 68000 (September 1979).

Two versions were released, the Z8001 capable of addressing 8 MB of memory via segment registers, and the Z8002 which could only address 64 KB. Like the Zilog Z80, the Z8000 included built-in DRAM refresh circuitry. An optional Z8010 MMU (Memory Management Unit) co-processor allowed up 48 MB of memory to be addressed.

Internally the Z8000 chip held 17500 transistors in NMOS design, and it had sixteen 16 bit registers which could be extremely flexibly used. The programmer could see them as 16 8-bit, 16 16-bit, 8 32-Bit, or 4 64-bit registers. All registers were general-purpose registers, although registers 14 and 15 were usually used as stack segment and pointer. Among its 110 instructions and 13 addressing modes, the Z8000 also offered 32-bit multiplication and division instructions.

There was both a user mode, for programs, and a supervisor mode, for the operating system. The user mode prevented access to potentially dangerous things such as interrupt handling.

Despite these attractive features the Z8000 was not very fast and suffered from some internal bugs. It was thus never very popular and was surpassed a few months later by the Motorola 68000 and later, by the Intel 286.

The Z8000 can be found in some rare but well-known computers though, such as the Olivetti M20 and M40, and the Unix-based Commodore 900. Some third parties also manufactured the Z8000 including AMD, Hitachi and Sharp.

The Z8000 was followed in 1986 by the Z80000, an amazing 32 bit processor whose features (pipeline, cache memory) would not appear until six years later in Intel processors.
The Z8000 is still alive nowadays with the Z16C00, a CMOS version mainly used in embedded applications.

_______________________

Mike Throm's memories:
I worked in Zilog's system division for 6 years. The primary goal was to design systems using Zilog processors. One of the notable leaders of Zilog's system engineering group was Judy Estrin who lead the effort to develop an ethernet like LAN product for Zilog, who then went on to other ventures like Bridge Communications (acquired by 3Com), NCD, and Precept.
Zilog also designed a UNIX "supermicro" system called the S8000 initally based on the Z8000, then the Z80000 with a UNIX based OS called Zeus.
Like most silicon valley firms of the time, we took pride in what we did and spent long hours to develop products. 60 - 80 hours per week during peak development cycles were common. Also, because almost all of us were under 30, weekend parties and "beer busts" were also common between development cycles.
Many S8000 units were sold to the IRS; however, the system side of the business never took off and was eventually closed down around 1985.

Peter Sandilands adds:
The Z8000 was used in a quite successful line of computers from Onyx Inc (California). Originally built for AT&T they ran Unix V7 and Interactive Systems IS/1.
The architecture continued into the mid '80s and ran Sys III. Sold as general purpose business computers they had the option of a number of bundled business packages using software such as Quadratron word processor. New Onyx C8002s were still being sold in 1986!

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} + } +} + +

CEO ORIC MEET
Held in Paris, France on the 19th January 2002
Review by Romuald
Romuald's favorite link : www.oric.org

What! You were not there. Shame on you!

As usual, the 'Club Europe Oric' Meet took place in Paris on January 19th. Officially beginning at 2:00 pm, the meeting was preceded by a lunch near the meeting place.

There were less people than it used to be at the CEO, but it was the most motivated ones. The Britons seem to have the same problem with Rhetoric meets. Nevertheless it was a great pleasure to see other oricians and some guy with a T-shirt from the Alternative Party (held recently in Helsinki). Guess who? Jonathan Bristow himself (aka Twilighte).


Jonathan Bristow presents his new projects

Here, no loud playing band and after a quick report of the year elapsed, we went to the most interesting part, the projects...

After Fabrice Francès' portable oric at the last oric meeting, it was hard to compete on the hardware news.
Talk a while with other oricians and sooner or later you will hear about problems concerning the reliability of the oric microdisk units. Name it, they do it, and voila, a solution is soon at hand. At the meeting a new floppy disk controller prototype made by Thierry was shown. It's not yet fully working. Still based on the 1793 floppy disk controller, the project aims at being easy-to-do for everybody - yes everybody - not only electronic gurus but even newbies will be able to make it.


The new floppy disk controller prototype

Fabrice Francès was not present but his hard drive interface is still a work in progress. His latest release of Euphoric takes his new project into account. I also heard of a new cart for the telestrat but...

The meeting is also an opportunity to have your oric fixed by specialists. But more important, it's also an opportunity to learn things on your machine. Thierry and Jean fixed an Oric Telestrat. Thierry explained to a new telestrat owner the way the stratos mainboards were modified to become telestrat.


Thierry is fixing a Telestrat

Interested? Ok, it's nothing really special (but I did not hear everything): some straps and 2 or 3 pcbs added to adapt to the French standards. What is interesting concerning those mods is that -eg, the pcbs are grounded through the screws which were grounded on the telestrat mainboard. So for those who came out to unscrew it and did not put it back the right way it would lead to ground problem.

Another point of interest is related to the memory chips. The stratos mainboard memory area, even before being modified to be a telestrat, is filled with 4164 chips. Look into your Atmos, they're the same. But near from the cartridge port you can see a line of solder joint with nothing in it. Originally it was intended to support special RAM. By the time the stratos mainboard went into production, they were some spares 4164 but they had planned to replace those cumbersome and expensive chips by less expensive ones which would be fitted in that memory slot (or directly soldered on the board) near the cartridge port.


Telestrat motherboard

You have a telestrat and you can't read your disks? You think your disk unit is dead? Maybe not. It might be a problem with your telestrat itself. As a matter of fact one, common problem is that near the cart trapdoor is a small metal clip (tab) which sometimes falls and then creates a shortcut with some pins of the floppy disk controller chip which is placed just below. Nice design…


3.5" floppy from a PC and 3" box from an apple II

Hardware is a thing but there are also some news concerning the software.

Remember that guy with the Alternative Party t-shirt? Yes Sir, Jonathan 'Twilighte' Bristow was there and apart from explaining some stuff concerning his projects, he also showed some of his work in progress. First of all I've got to tell you that his oric version of Times of Lore really kicks ass. A huge map, a very nice design, some details not yet implemented but gee... A demo version is available on the internet, go and see it... Times of Lore intro and storybook are also great piece of computing and illustrate his focus on the details. Official site of the game is http://tol.oric.org/


Times of Lore screenshots

We've also seen the new Sonix version, Sonix 4 which allows one to use the Oric 3 channels + a virtual channel to play samples, sounds, music...

R-Type on the Oric? Not yet, but as soon as Times of Lore is finished, it will be one of Jon's numerous projects.

We also had the Vip3 demo running for those who still hadn't seen it, but who could now say he had never seen it: scrollers, rotozoom, interference... And there was also a nice demo from Twilighte. A lot can be done with the oric, the problem is that there is not that much coders around so come and join the Defence Force demo group...


Vip3 demo screenshots

What the Oric also needs is some new games, and a lot of people at the meeting confessed that they had some projects which were not finished because of a lack of time or programming skills.


Jim Cuomo talking with Jonathan Bristow

There was also another very interesting guest at the meeting: Jim Cuomo. That guy was using the oric to create music and graphics while playing along with his saxophone in the 80's. He also presented music/theatre events then with orics... A demo was planned but unfortunately due to some problems it was not possible. Nevertheless, Jim intends to use one of his oric picture as the cover of his next music CD which will also include two songs in which the oric was used.


84' french review about Jim Cuomo's work

I was then offered to go out with André, Jede and Jon but I had to leave, you know how wives can be... Next time maybe...

See you at the next CEO meeting and help the oric community by subscribing to the CEO magazine...

Romuald

Related links:
Club Europe Oric magazine
www.oric.org
Defence-Force
Twilighte's website
diff --git a/content/magazine/expo-99-in-bordeaux.html b/content/magazine/expo-99-in-bordeaux.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2d172f2b --- /dev/null +++ b/content/magazine/expo-99-in-bordeaux.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Expo 99 in Bordeaux", + "rubrics": [ + "Events" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/magazine/articles/2/logo.gif", + "group": "Events", + "oc_id": 2, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210806074947/http://www.old-computers.com/magazine/view.asp?a=2", + "date": "2021-08-06" + } + } +} + +

>> EXPO 99 IN BORDEAUX

This expo was my first one in summer 99
at the AEC Technologic Gallery
Cité Mondiale - Parvis des Chartrons
in Bordeaux - France

Click on the pictures >>

Many computers     Consoles, Hanimex pong and Atari jacket     Hanimex TVG-8610 pong     TI-99 4/A, C64, Aquarius et VG-5000     Il y a l'Alice en bas...

Now it's over (of course) but it was cool ! There were some computers and consoles (about 40) from my personnal collection. Each machine was described on a little card and some of them were free to use, such as the the Hanimex TVG-8610 which was used for pong tornaments !

diff --git a/content/magazine/first-philadelphia-computer-music-festival.html b/content/magazine/first-philadelphia-computer-music-festival.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8e6d9f1c --- /dev/null +++ b/content/magazine/first-philadelphia-computer-music-festival.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "First Philadelphia Computer Music Festival", + "rubrics": [ + "Computers" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/magazine/articles/19/compmusicfestival.jpg", + "group": "Computers", + "oc_id": 19, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220504175433/http://www.old-computers.com/magazine/view.asp?a=19", + "date": "2022-05-04" + } + } +} + +

First Philadelphia Computer Music Festival

.The complete audio and liner notes from the rare 1979 album First Philadelphia Computer Music Festival is now available at VintageComputerMusic.com

The site includes MP3s of every track, which can be downloaded or played online.

The First Philadelphia Computer Music Festival was held August 25, 1978. The next year, Creative Computing magazine released the LP record of highlights from the event. The album includes songs performed by an RCA Cosmac VIP, Solid State Music System, Ambilog 200, and other vintage computers. The last track is a 1963 synthesized computer speech demonstration from Bell Laboratories.

The album has been made available online with the permission of the copyright holder. The site is the work of Kevin Savetz, who also maintains the Classic Computer Magazine Archive which delivers full text from Creative Computing, Compute!, and other classic computer magazines; Atari Archives with the full text of 30+ vintage computer books; and FlightSimBooks, with the full text of 13 classic books on flight simulation.
diff --git a/content/magazine/interview-of-derek-andrews-programmer-of-leap-frog-and-munch-crunch-for-the-voltmace-database.html b/content/magazine/interview-of-derek-andrews-programmer-of-leap-frog-and-munch-crunch-for-the-voltmace-database.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..11c658e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/magazine/interview-of-derek-andrews-programmer-of-leap-frog-and-munch-crunch-for-the-voltmace-database.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Interview of Derek Andrews, programmer of Leap Frog and Munch & Crunch for the Voltmace Database", + "rubrics": [ + "Interviews" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/magazine/articles/15/munch-crunch_1.jpg", + "group": "Interviews", + "oc_id": 15, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210802183822/http://www.old-computers.com/magazine/view.asp?a=15", + "date": "2021-08-02" + } + } +} + +

INTERVIEW OF DEREK ANDREWS
programmer of LEAP-FROG and MUNCH AND CRUNCH
for the VOLTMACE DATABASE videogame system

Munch & CrunchHow did you come to work for Voltmace?

I had just been laid off by Texas Instruments (UK) when the job became available.

Where were you based by the way ?

Texas Instuments in Bedford, Voltmace in Baldock.

Did you program other games before and after? for other systems?

No. I didn't even have a particular interest in games. I think it was my enthusiasm for meeting the technical challenges that got me the job. I had done a little Fortran programming at school, another high level language at university (I think it was Cobol) and my final year project was based on a 6800 processor. While at TI I programmed their ATE for memory chips.

Were Leap Frog and Munch & Crunch the only games you programmed for the Voltmace database? even prototypes?

I worked on a version of Defender, but don't recall whether it went into production.

Was it that game ? http://www.dieterkoenig.at/ccc/it/s_it_games_40.htm

Same idea, but not that version. As I recall it had a 'radar' area underneath the main play area showing more distant enemy vessels.

What else did you do ?

I did a little harware design on joysticks, taking the Database bodies and adding electronics to make them compatible with other home computers.

That is to say ? Were they analog or digital by the way?

They were analog, which of course means more flexibility in terms of being able to control direction (full 360 degrees rather than just 8 ways) and speed. The keypad was also a bonus. The hardware (electronics) was mainly just interfaces for various computers, but again I really can't remember the details. I think one of them was pulse width modulated and required a monostable chip. I think the the biggest seller was for the BBC microcomputer.

I developed a plug-in and software that enabled zx81 users to program the database in machine code.

With a cable going from the expansion port of the ZX-81 to the cartridge slot of the Database?
Could you program directly the Database this way ?
Did this was ever produced? Marketed ?
Was it used by other people than you?
Do you remember examples made with this addon?

The interface was built into a cartridge which had a cable going to zx81 expansion port. The cartridge had a RAM inside which could be accessed by either the database or the zx81. The development process was extremely crude, and required the user to write assembly code on paper, convert it manually to machine code, and type it into the ZX81. The ram would then be switched to the database which could execute the program. Very crude, but the only affordable way for home programmers to be able to design real time games with good graphics and speed. In those days, home computers had very rudimentary graphics capability. This allowed access to the power (haha!) of a graphics chip designed for games rather than text. I would be very surprised if anyone actually had the patience to design more than the most rudimentary game with it. I think we sold only one or two of those systems.

I also did some design work for an add on to the Memotech home computer, basically adding an analog port for joysticks.

Are you talking about the MTX computers?
Did you work for Memotech too ?

Thats the one. I actually owned one of those for a while, but I didn't have any association with Memotech.

Were you or Voltmace not upset about legal rights for these games (Pac-Man / Frogger)?

My name never appeared on the games:) I don't know the legal issues, but presumably only the name can be protected. I left all that to management to worry about.

How did you learn Signetics 2650 assembly language?

From the data sheet. As I recall it is quite similar to 6502 in its structure. The biggest hurdle was the graphics chip which was very limited in its capabilities. It only had four sprites to play with and if you needed more they had to be reprogrammed on the fly. Good use of the interrupt system is an important part of programming this system.

Were these data sheets given to you by Voltmace? Signetics?

I was given them by Voltmace. I don't know how they came by them, but presumably the manufacturer. I found the comments about the military uses of the processor quite interesting. I would be very surprised if they designed the architecture of the processor on a speculative basis just for the military. Plus, why would they design a games chip to go with it?

Military semiconductors are usually just commercial chips, in a ceramic package (better hermeticity and thermal characteristics) which are then electrically and environmentally tested to rigorous standards (often -55C to +125C), along with destructive tests on a sampling basis. But functionally there is not usually anything very special about them. I certainly doubt that the 2650 had any classified functionality! (PS I was test engineer for 'military' MOS memory at TI)

Did you also have the 2636 datasheets?

Yes. They were as important as the processor! Understanding that chip and figuring out how to make it dance was key. I found a reference on a bulletin board about this chip, and someone had posted a plie of information about it. But you might be able to get data sheets from Signetics if you ask nice!

LeapfrogWould it happen that you still have some of this stuff?

I don't think so. I probably left everything behind at Voltmace, and have moved house and emigrated since then, so it is unlikely that I still have anything.

What hardware did you use to developp the games?

A CPM based system that saved the assembly code to disk and blew machine code into EPROM.

Do you remember wich model/system?
So you had to burn the EPROM each time you wanted to test something?
You didn't have any kind of emulator?

It was a system made specially for Voltmace by a computer consultancy. The development system had a shared RAM which could be read from the Database. Certainly there was no emulator or debugger. It was really not much more than a text editor and assembler.

I remember doing a lot of work with an oscilloscope checking to see how long various bits of code took to run to make sure all the graphics handling were operating fast enough.

I was surprised to learn that Signetics had a development system for this processor. I certainly didn't know anyone ever wrote a book about it!

Did you know other Voltmace database programmers?

There weren't any others. My boss, Tony Pearmain, had a rudimentary understanding of the technicalities.

Do you know from who Voltmace licenced the hardware? Was it from Interton? from Signetics/Philips?
Do you know anything about related systems such as Emerson Arcadia 2001, Interton VC-4000, Hanimex 2650, etc. ?

The rest of your questions I really can't answer. All I remember is that Voltmace bought the design from another company. They improved the quality of the boards and video. The mouldings may also have been new, but again I don't remember. At the time it was just an obscure system that I had to figure out how to use.

So all other Voltmace games were licenced ones?

I couldn't say how the licensing of the harware or software was done.

Sorry to take so much of your time, but your memories would be very interesting for a lot of people, and of understand the history of these obscure systems...

I was amazed to find it mentioned on the web, let alone find so much interest in all these old games. I never knew I was making history during my time at Voltmace.

Related links:
Thanks to Michael Davidson and his website Obscure Pixels for the screenshots.
Article about Voltmace Database and compatible systems
Interton VC-4000 (compatible system) page
diff --git a/content/magazine/interview-of-richard-clayton-founder-of-locomotive-software.html b/content/magazine/interview-of-richard-clayton-founder-of-locomotive-software.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d412044f --- /dev/null +++ b/content/magazine/interview-of-richard-clayton-founder-of-locomotive-software.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Interview of Richard Clayton, founder of Locomotive Software", + "rubrics": [ + "Interviews" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/magazine/articles/16/richard_clayton.jpg", + "group": "Interviews", + "oc_id": 16, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220504175433/http://www.old-computers.com/magazine/view.asp?a=16", + "date": "2022-05-04" + } + } +} + +

Interview of Richard Clayton, founder of Locomotive Software

by Charles da Silva - july 2003
from http://amstrad.cpc.free.fr/


Richard Clayton

 Could you tell us about the creation of Locomotive Software ?

Chris Hall and I founded it in February 1983. We were going to build an add-on board for the IBM PC (which was really new then and we much admired it, but it was too slow!). We raised some money from a Government grant to build a board centred around the National Semiconductor NS16032 (later called the 32016!). But we started the company the day we did (Valentine's Day), because we had a contract from Acorn Computers to build them a Microsoft BASIC clone to run on their add-on board for the BBC Micro.

 What was LS most important projects before Amstrad ?

The BASIC for AcornAmstrad PCW-8256

 What was THE most important project for LS ?

We did a lot of things, but I think the PCW was the thing we built that really changed people's lives. It was an icon of the 80s

  What was your reaction when Amstrad asked you to work with/for them ?

When Roland Perry brought round the first unit, at the end of August 1983, I opened it up -- which upset him because he'd obscured the logo on the outside case, but hadn't thought to do that on the PCB. (We were the first people who were interested enough to peek inside...)

I saw the name and didn't pay it much heed -- I thought they were Japanese :)

  What do you think of how personal computer market has evolved ?

In the games market, I'm deeply impressed by the amount of silicon used these days to get the graphics to go really fast.

  About the CPC : What did you think of the machine at the time ? And what do you think of it now ?

We thought we'd done a pretty good job and I still do

  How many time did it take to create Locomotive Basic ?

We had the main part already, from the Acorn project. All the rest (the commands that accessed the hardware and operating system (timers etc)) we built between September 1983 and very early January 1984

  Then and now, LS Basic for the CPC machine was/is considered as one of the best one ? What is, for you, the explanation ?

We were very influenced by what Acorn had done with BBC Basic but we wanted to avoid the cryptic *FX stuff as far as possible, so we added lots of keywords. We also wanted to be able to show off what the machine could do, graphics, sound etc from the BASIC, so you could get fancy things like synchronised music and movement without having to learn to program it in assembler

  Have you known any difficulty at the time with the machine ?

The hardware worked very well (Mej's firm built an emulator for the ASIC so we had something running for much of the time)

  Have you any funny memory about that time ?

We did have some problems with recording information on the tape. We had some fancy pre-compensation to get the fastest possible speeds, and we'd found it worked better if we set the pre-comp different for "0" and "1"

Then we were shipped a new unit from Japan and it stopped working. When we looked into it we found that a Japanese engineer had also spotted the difference between "0" and "1" and had fixed the circuitry to make them more identical. When we set the pre-comp the same, it all worked again!

  What do you think of that period now ?

I'm amazed we did it in the time we had

  About the PCW : What did you think of the machine at the time and what do you think of it now ?

We were very excited to build a Word Processor for that price. We had a background of building word processors when they cost 10,000 pounds each and we were going to have something better for just 300 pounds. That was just amazing

  Was it more exciting that the CPC project ?

I think the CPC was more exciting because it was first

  About your work with Amstrad : What was your relation with Alan Sugar, Amstrad or MEJ electronics ?

I only met Alan a few times and thought him a very clever man, though he tried hard to pretend that he wasn't :)

We'd known Mej for years ... he built the hardware for the 10,000 pound word processors!

  What are you most proud of ?

LocoScript 2

  Which computer company had, as far as your concerned, the best product ?

It depends when and for what market... after all the IBM PC was remarkable - just a bit slow

Amstrad CPC-664  About you : what is your favorite Amstrad machine ?

CPC464

  What is the worst Amstrad machine ?

The 664 was squeezed by events, which wasn't entirely its fault!

  Is there any project which was not finished that you regret ?

It was a shame not to build the "Ant" -- which was going to be the games machine that shared a lot of hardware design with the PCW ("Joyce"). But we just didn't have the time and effort to do it justice so perhaps it was best that it was cancelled.

  Have you any regret about that time ?

Not enough holidays

  What do you do now ?

Currently I'm studying for a PhD in the Computer Security group at Cambridge University (yes, even at my age!)

  What do you think about people collecting old computers and especially CPC machines ?

Everyone should have a hobby :)

  What do you think of people still developping programs with your creation ?

Perhaps taking nostalgia too far ... I think you have to see these machines as being of their time, so try and view them in terms of what you could run on them back then

__________

Click the banner below to visit Charles Da SIlva's website, dedicated to Amstrad

Click me to visit http://amstrad.cpc.free.fr
diff --git a/content/magazine/interview-of-william-poel-past-director-of-ambit-and-founder-of-amsoft.html b/content/magazine/interview-of-william-poel-past-director-of-ambit-and-founder-of-amsoft.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..defa0778 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/magazine/interview-of-william-poel-past-director-of-ambit-and-founder-of-amsoft.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Interview of William Poel, past director of Ambit and founder of Amsoft", + "rubrics": [ + "Interviews" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/magazine/articles/17/william-poel.jpg", + "group": "Interviews", + "oc_id": 17, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210802183833/http://www.old-computers.com/magazine/view.asp?a=17", + "date": "2021-08-02" + } + } +} + +

Interview of William Poel
ex-director of Ambit and founder of Amsoft

by Charles da Silva - july 2003
from http://amstrad.cpc.free.fr/

William Poel

  What was your role at Ambit ?

Managing director and joint owner

Amstrad PC-1512  On which Amstrad projects did you work on ?

All up to and including the PC1512

  When did you left Amstrad / Amsoft ?

errrr- November 5th in the year of the PCW launch

  Why did you left Amstrad/Amsoft ?

Founded software companies for PCW and PC (Paperbaack Software UK, NewStar Software UK)

  About the CPC : what was your first reaction when Amstrad asked you to work with/for them on the CPC project ?

Great interest - it was quite a moment at the start of the home computer buisness - time of the Sinclair Spectrum, Oric, Lynx, BBC Micro and Commodore 64

 What was your reaction when you first saw the 6502 based prototype they had ?

Start again - it was barly begun

  Does it mean that you have kept absolutely nothing about the work that has been done ? And why did you go for the Z80 instead of keeping the 6502 ?

We kept the plastic mouldings, nothing else. Everyone I knew was a Z80 specialist and the Z80 was gaining ground at the time.

 How was the CPC known by then (code name) since there's a polemic on this matter (was it IDIOT or ARNOLD) ?

ARNOLD - (an anagram of Roland)
IDIOT was the disk based version - CPC664/6128 (Insert Disc Instead Of Tape)

  What did you think of the machine ? And what do you think of it now ?

We thought it was pretty neat - certainly the best of its era in terms of design and documentation and completeness of package. Reliability compared to the competition was great - Sinclair and the rest sufffered over 20% warranty returns, the CPC was under 4%. It could have used hardware sprites, but we were on a tight deadline. The CPM thing was a bonus. Looking back, it was still probably the best combination of ideas of its time at the price.

  Is it true that you came with the idea of the 664 by making a mix of the 464 and the DDI-1 floppy unit ?

I can't remember who came up with it - it was pretty obvious

  The 664/6128 story had and still has a negative impact about Amstrad. What do you think of all that's been said about Amstrad giving up the 664 ?

Evolution happens and there are occasionally irritated people - but you can't take your Peugeot 104 back and moan when the 204 comes out, can you?

  About your work at Amstrad: what was your relation with Alan Sugar, Amstrad and MEJ electronics ?

AMS was the boss, the other Amstrad people were all HiFi people and a bit bemused by it all, and MEJ was Roland's contact - extremely capable and understood exactly what was needed - and did it.

  What was your relation with Roland Perry ?

I have known Roland since we were at school together. I tended to be the "translator" of AMS raw ideas into a technical primer- Roland took it from there

  Are you still in touch with him ?

Yes - but he moving to the US where his wife came from

 Which software company was the more enthusiastic about supporting the CPC ?

Spectrum and BBC were big dsitractions for the software developers at the time - most wanted to wait until the CPC sold in numbers before boithering - but HiSoft with their Z80 tools development suit got the developers going; some of the first people were Indescomp - the spanish games developer, Virgin games

 How was it at Amsoft ?

How was what? A fairly simple user club

  What did you do at Amsoft ? What do you think of the experience today ?

Mostly tried to start the software effort and set up a user magazine to start the support process that regular publishers would not until they saw a critical user mass. There were several BBC, Spectrum and Commodore titles already out there.

  What was the more interesting project you worked on when working at Amstrad/Amsoft ?

The PCW8256 was the most "ground breaking" project

 What do you think of what has happened to Amstrad ?

It's a pity they got too involved with Intel and Microsoft and lost the innovative edge - but they never really understood why they were successful - however, there is a new surge at Amstrad and I think there could be some very interesting new ideas and products shortly

  What do you think of today's personal computing landscape ?

I wish Linux applications to appear in sufficient numbers to undermine Microsoft.

 Have you or any relative still got a CPC or other Amstrad machine ?

Still got one in the loft somewhere

  Were you in touch with Amstrad France or Indescomp ?

Amstrad CPC-472I knew of both at the time - but lost touch long since

  Did you know of the existence of the CPC 472 ?

No - you got me there. What was that supposed to be?

  Why do you think Amstrad didn't meet success in the US ?

No one but the yanks themselves are successful in the US with technology products - and plenty of yanks fail utterly and completely anyway - but generally speaking, the cost of entry is too high. And even if someone like Wal-Mart decides to stock a product, I guess the costs of financing production are quite scary..

 About you : what is your favorite Amstrad machine ?

The PC1640

  What is the worst Amstrad machine ?

The transportable PC with the awful LCD, PC6640 (I can't remember the name)
(Note from old-computers.com : it was the PPC-512 and PPC-640)

  Is there any project which was not finished that you regret ?

A follow up to the PCW, based on a PC but with big A4 screen and integral ethernet - when hardly anyone took LANs seriously. A genuine office workstation.

 Have you any regret about this period ?

Not cashing in my share options at the right time

  What is your job today ?

I am the founder and MD of www.usp.net - we are about to launch a raft of new ISP services so I am pretty busy at present. Maybe we should offer special terms to all the Amstrad fans?

  What do you think about people collecting old computers and especially CPC machines ?

It's inevitable I suppose - and I hope it's worthwhile - although I wonder if any computer will achieve true antique status, since the value of antiques is that they are used and cherished on an everyday basis. There is no point in using an old PC unless you are a complete masochist and have endless time and patience.

And I still hear about too many PCWs still in use to believe there is any rarity value just yet!

__________

Click the banner below to visit Charles Da SIlva's website, dedicated to Amstrad

Click me to visit http://amstrad.cpc.free.fr
diff --git a/content/magazine/obscure-systems-arcadia-2001-and-clones.html b/content/magazine/obscure-systems-arcadia-2001-and-clones.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..74e0d992 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/magazine/obscure-systems-arcadia-2001-and-clones.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Obscure systems : Arcadia 2001 and clones", + "rubrics": [ + "Consoles" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/magazine/articles/8/titre_arcadia.jpg", + "group": "Consoles", + "oc_id": 8, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210802151729/http://www.old-computers.com/magazine/view.asp?a=8", + "date": "2021-08-02" + } + } +} + +

> DESCRIPTION

It is not clear if the Emerson Arcadia 2001 system was the first of this "group" to appear, but it is the best known for sure ! The Arcadia was launched in 1982 in the United States. It's a middle range system as the graphics and games are hardly better than those of the VCS 2600 or Intellivision back in 78.

Many clones and compatibles systems were found all around the world. Some look like the Arcadia 2001 and can use the same carts (Leisure Vision, Advision, Leonardo, Schmid, etc...), and others are completly different in shape (MPT-03 systems, Telefever, etc...) and are not "physically" compatible with the previous systems, i.e. carts are not the same.

But for all these systems, the games are absolutly identicals.

> HOW TO RECOGNISE THEM ?

- There are at least 12 keys (4 x 3) on each joystick keyboard plus at least 1 fire button on each joystick too. This fire button is sometimes on both sides of the controller (Arcadia 2001 for example) or on the keyboard (MPT-03). When there are more than 2 of these fire buttons, they usually have the same function.

- Most of the times there are 5 buttons on the control panel (Reset, Select, Option, Start, Power on/off). But the most important it's that there are always SELECT and OPTION buttons. There are sometimes called SELECT A and SELECT B, but are always 2 of them to make selection within the games. This is quite typical of these systems.

- Inside, the CPU is a Signetics 2650 (sometimes 2650A), and the video-chipset a Signetics 2637.

> THE GAMES

There are more than 30 games known for these systems. The Emerson Arcadia 2001 has the most complete list of games but other systems like the MPT-03 has games that were not available for the Arcadia like Auto Race, Basketball, Circus, etc...

Name of the game (Emerson Arcadia)

3D-Bowling

Alien Invaders

American Football

Auto Race (MPT-03 only)

Baseball

Basketball (MPT-03 only)

Brain Quizz

Breakaway

Capture

Cat Trax

Circus (MPT-03 only)

Combat (MPT-03 only)

Crazy Climber (MPT-03 only)

Crazy Gobbler

Escape

Golf (MPT-03 only)

Grand Slam Tennis

Hobo

Jump Bug

Jungler

Math Logic (MPT-03 only)

Missile War

Ocean Battle

Pleiades

Red Clash

Robot Killer

Route 16

Soccer

Space Attack

Space Mission

Space Raiders

Space Squadron

Space Vultures

Spiders

Star Chess

Tanks a lot

Turtles / Turpin

> THE SYSTEMS

Name

Brand

Country

Arcadia 2001

Advision

U.S.A.

Leisure Vision

???

Canada

Hanimex HMG-2650

Hanimex

Europe / Australia

Leonardo

???

Italy

Arcadia

Bandaï

Japan

Home Arcade

Advision

France

TVG-2000

Schmid

Germany

XL-2000

Intercord

???

Prestige MPT-03

Prestige ?

France

Rowtron MPT-03

Rowtron

???

Tryom MPT-03

Tryom

???

Video Computer Game

Poppy

???

Video Computer Game

Soundic

Europe

MPT03
SYSTEM

Tele-Fever

Eduscho

Germany

Intervision 2001

Intervision

Northern Europe

Video Computer Game

Palladium

Germany ?

> LINKS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Emerson Arcadia 2001 :
Emerson Arcadia 2001 emulator
The Emerson Arcadia 2001 FAQ
Arcadia 2001 Museum
Digital Archeology / Emerson Arcadia 2001

General :
The Video Game Consoles F.A.Q.
Obscure Pixels (pictures and infos)

diff --git a/content/magazine/obscure-systems-interton-vc-4000-clones.html b/content/magazine/obscure-systems-interton-vc-4000-clones.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e9957a76 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/magazine/obscure-systems-interton-vc-4000-clones.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Obscure systems : Interton VC-4000 & clones", + "rubrics": [ + "Consoles" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/magazine/articles/7/titre_interton.jpg", + "group": "Consoles", + "oc_id": 7, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210512081157/http://www.old-computers.com/magazine/view.asp?a=7", + "date": "2021-05-12" + } + } +} + +

> DESCRIPTION

Maybe this is the most obscure of the console groups... because there are all quite different in shape, and none of them could be found in the USA, so little information is to be found on the net for them so far. But at least 2 of these systems are quite known by europeans collectors :

The Interton VC-4000 and the Voltmace Database.

The Interton has the most complete list of games confirmed (40) and was sold outside Germany, in some other european countries. For these reasons, I decided to call this group "Interton VC-4000 and compatible systems".

In fact these systems seem to be "cut-down" versions of the "Emerson Arcadia 2001 and clone" systems. They use the same Signetics CPU (2650A) but have a less "powered" video-chipset : the Signetics 2636 instead of the 2637.

As most of these systems are different in shape and use different cart formats, they usually are not directly "hardware" compatible (i.e. cartridges do not fit), but there again, games are absolutly identicals.

> HOW TO RECOGNISE THEM ?

> THE CONTROLLERS
There are at least 12 keys (4 x 3) on each joystick keyboard plus most of the time 2 red fire buttons on each joystick. These fire buttons are generaly part of the keyboard, and not on the controllers sides like many "Arcadia" systems...

Sometimes (Rowtron system for example), the fire button is one of the 12 keys of the keyboard, but is still differenciated by the red color.

> THE CONTROL PANEL
On the control panel there are usually 4 functions buttons :

Power On/Off - Reset - Select - Start

This is good way to differenciate them from the "Arcadia" systems, which are very similar in many ways except that they have one more selection button (Select B or option...)

> INSIDE
Inside, the CPU is a Signetics 2650A just like the "Arcadia" systems, but the video-chipset is a powerless one : the Signetics 2636 (Arcadia systems use the 2637).

> THE SYSTEMS

Name

Brand

Country

VC-4000

Interton

Germany / Europe

Super Play Computer 4000

Grunding

Germany

MPU-1000

Acetronic

UK / Europe

HMG-1392

Hanimex

Europe

Programmierbares Video System

Radofin

Germany

MPU-2000

Acetronic

UK / Europe

Programmable Videogame

Radofin

Europe

Model 1392

Lansay

Europe

MPT-05

ITMC

France

Television Computer System

Rowtron

Europe

Voltmace database

Voltmace

UK

CX 3000 Palson Spain  

OC-2000

SOE

France

VC-6000

Prinztronic

???

> THE GAMES

Air / Sea Battle Black Jack BreakoutCircus

Combat??? Electronic pinball4 in a row

Horse racingCode breaker Maths 2Maths 1

MazeMotor racing Musical gamesBoxing

Alien invasionSpace battle Shooting gallerySports world

There are 40 games known for the Interton VC-4000, which has the most complete list. The other systems have apparently less games, which makes us think that Interton was at the origin of theses systems...

Interton VC-4000 games
Voltmace Database
Acetronic MPU-1000
Rowtron

1 - Autorennen

1 - Air-sea Battle ?

1 - Olympics

1 - Sportsworld

2 - Blackjack

2 - Blackjack

2 - Grand Prix 3

2 - Combat

3 - Ballspiele

3 - Bat and Ball

3 - Black Jack

3 - Horse Racing

4 - Panzer/Luftschlacht

4 - Road Race

4 - Tank/Plane Battle

4 - Maze

5 - Mathematik 1

5 - Tank and Plane

5 - Air Sea Battle

5 - Math Two

6 - Mathematik 2

6 - Mathematics 1

6 - Shooting Gallery

6 - Four in a row

7 - Luftkampf/Seegefecht

7 - Mathematics 2

7 - Basic Math

7 - Mastermind

8 - Motivsuche

8 - Shooting Gallery

8 - Math 2

8 - Air / Sea Battle

9 - Labyrinth

9 - Brain Drain

9 - Challenge

9 - Boxing

10- Wintersport

10 - Maze

10 - Codebreaker

10 - Black Jack

11 - Hippodrom

11 - Horse race

11 - Supermaze

11 - Sporting shotgun

12 - Jagd

12 - Circus

12 - Horse Racing

12 - Motor Racing

13 - Schach

13 - Boxing

13 - Circus

13 - Maths One

14 - Moto Cross

14 - Four in a row

14 - Prizefight

14 - Circus

15 - Vier in einer Reihe / Intelligenz

15 - Space battle

15 - Soccer

15 - Galactic space battles

16 - Superhirn / Intelligenz

16 - Alien invasion

16 - Hobby Module

17 - Circus

17 - Golf

17 - Musical Games

17 - Video Pinball

18 - Boxkampf

18 - Box clever

18 - Treasure Hunt

18 - Flag Capture / Memory match

19 - Krieg im Weltraum

19 - Treasure Hunt

19 - Golf

19 - Face the music

20 - Melodie Simon

20 - Arcade

20 - Head On

20 - Golf

21 - Attacke

21 - Musical memory

21 - Draughts

21 - Draughts

22 - Schach 2

22 - Spiders Web

23 - Flipper

23 - Chess

24 - Fußball

24 - Munch & Crunch

24 - Othello

25 - Kegeln / Bowling

25 - Leap Frog

25 - Electronic Pinball

26 - Dame

26 - Super Knockout

27 - Golf

27 - Invaders

28 - Cockpit

29 - Metropol

29 - Crazy Crab

29 - Shootout

30 - Solitär

30 - Space Wars

31 - Casino

31 - Lazer Attack

32 - Weltrauminvasoren

32 - Backgammon

33 - Super Invaders

33 - Planet Defender

34 - Space Laser

34 - Sea Wolf

35 - Rodeo

36 - Backgammon

37 - Monster-Man

38 - Hyperspace

39 - Basket-Ball

40 - Super-Space

> LINKS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Interton VC-4000 :
Classic Consoles Center! (cart list & screenshots)

Voltmace Database :
Obscure Pixels (pictures & carts list)

Palson CX-3000 :
Thanks to Miquel Pratsevall for the pictures

General :
The Video Game Consoles F.A.Q.
Ian's Game Page (cart lists)
Obscure Pixels

Cartridge lists are based on the work of :
Ian Pleasance, Richard Muse and Michael Davidson.

diff --git a/content/magazine/obscure-systems-rca-studio-ii-and-clones.html b/content/magazine/obscure-systems-rca-studio-ii-and-clones.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..92143e88 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/magazine/obscure-systems-rca-studio-ii-and-clones.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Obscure systems : RCA Studio II and clones", + "rubrics": [ + "Consoles" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/magazine/articles/5/titre_studio2.jpg", + "group": "Consoles", + "oc_id": 5, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210806072416/http://www.old-computers.com/magazine/view.asp?a=5", + "date": "2021-08-06" + } + } +} + +

> DESCRIPTION

This is one of the smallest group presented here as only 5 compatible systems are known to exist. The original system is the RCA Studio II released in 1977. It would have had the distinction of being the first programmable game system, but Fairchild's Channel F beat it to the market by mere months. So this is a very early system and graphics are very poor, just like a pong system but with different games...

Unfortunately for the Studio II, Atari released its VCS-2600 some months later the same year... it meant the end for this black & white system.

But some years later color clone systems appeared in Europe, clearly marketed as cheap systems for people who couldn't afford "modern" systems like the Colecovision or the Vectrex...

> HOW TO RECOGNISE THEM ?

>THE CONTROLLERS
 The controllers are very special to these systems since they consist of only 2 numeric keypads with numbers ranging from 0 to 9 on each controller. Their function are different for each games, but their are usually used for the 8 directions.

While the RCA Studio 2 paddles are on the unit itself, those of the Hanimex MPT-02 can be removed. This is quite particular to this system since the other clones have not removable controllers...

MPT-02 removable controllers

Something even more surprising : the Soundic MPT-02 Victory controllers can be interchanged with real joysticks depending on the game you want to play !

Soundic MPT-02 Victory controllers

> THE CONTROL PANEL
This is the most simple of all the control panels you could encountered, since there is only 1 button : CLEAR.
There is not even an on / off switch !

There is also a power indicator light.

> THE CARTRIDGE SLOT
The cartridge slot is very special too ! It is unique since it has two rod that insert into holes in the cartridge. This is common to all systems of this group and this means too that the cartridges are physically compatible.

Note that MPT-03 systems (Arcadia 2001 clones) use this system too, but they are complete different systems.

Another singular feature is that the cartridges only have connectors on one side of the circuit board.

> THE SYSTEMS

Name

Brand

Country

Studio 2

RCA

USA

MPT-02 Victory

Soundic

Hong-Kong

Box

MPT-02 Jeu TV programmable

Hanimex

France

Mustang 9016 Telespiel Computer

Mustang

Germany

Sheen 1200 Micro Computer

Sheen

Europe ?

> THE GAMES

There were 10 cartridges produced by RCA for the Studio 2 but maybe some more games were developed later for its clones... The "Concentration Match" cart for example is a game that uses more than 2 colors and doesn't exist for the RCA Studio 2. Thus, it is possible that other games are to be found.

There were also 5 games built-in the RCA Studio 2. Although the MPT-02 seems not to have these built-in games, the Mustang has them (so the Sheen must have too) !

Though the RCA Studio 2 is only black & white, the other systems are in color ! And when RCA Studio 2 cartridges are used with the MPT-02, they play in color (black & white are then coded into 2 colors) !

Bowling
Bowling on the Mustang 9016

Squash Squash

Tennis Tennis
Tennis / Squash played on the MPT-02
Black & white are coded in 2 colors

Spacewar Intercept Spacewar Intercept
Space War Intercept played on the MPT-02
Black & white are coded in 2 colors

Concentration MatchConcentration Match
Concentration Match is color game !
Left screenshots are from the MPT-02
and right ones from the Mustang.
We notice that the colors are coded differently.

Krieg der sterne Krieg der sterne Krieg der sterne
Kriege Der Sterne (Space War) played on a MPT-02
Black & white are coded in 2 colors

RCA Studio II games

MPT-02 games

Bowling (built-in the RCA Studio 2)

MG-201 Bingo

Doodles (built-in the RCA Studio 2)

MG-202 Concentration Match

Freeway (built-in the RCA Studio 2)

MG-203 Star Wars

Math (built-in the RCA Studio 2)

MG-204 Math Fun (School House II)

Patterns (built-in the RCA Studio 2)

MG-205 Pinball

Gunfighter/Moonship Battle (TV Arcade)

MG-206 Biorythm

Space War (TV Arcade I)

MG-207 Tennis/Squash

Fun with Numbers (TV Arcade II)

MG-208 Fun with Numbers

Tennis/Squash (TV Arcade III)

MG-209 Computer Quiz (School House I)

Baseball (TV Arcade IV)

MG-210 Baseball

Speedway/Tag (TV Arcade ?)

MG-211 Speedway/Tag

Blackjack (TV Casino I)

MG-212 Spacewar Intercept
Bingo (TV Casino II ?) MG-213 Gun Fight/Moon ship

Math and soical studies (TV School House I )

 

Math Fun (TV School House II)

 

Biorhythm (TV Mystic Series)

 

Thanks to Jean-Felix Monin for the MPT-02 games list

> LINKS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

RCA Studio II :
How to build your own switchbox
The RCA Studio 2 emulator home page (very complete information !)
Jack Spencer Jr's RCA Studio II FAQ
Computer Closet Collection (thanks for pictures)

diff --git a/content/magazine/obscure-systems-sd-2xx-systems.html b/content/magazine/obscure-systems-sd-2xx-systems.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..584663b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/magazine/obscure-systems-sd-2xx-systems.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Obscure systems : SD-2xx systems", + "rubrics": [ + "Consoles" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/magazine/articles/6/titres_sd290.jpg", + "group": "Consoles", + "oc_id": 6, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210806072916/http://www.old-computers.com/magazine/view.asp?a=6", + "date": "2021-08-06" + } + } +} + +

> DESCRIPTION

This is the smallest group presented here, since only 3 different systems are known (Soundic SD-200 and Hanimex HMG-7900 are the same).

These systems were produced circa 1983, and were sold in Europe. There were clearly marketed as cheap systems and were surely produced by Soundic in Honk-Kong as all the systems have code-names in "SD-2xx" (where SD would mean Soundic) on their electronic board. This SD code, is something I have encountered several times when opening all these obscure systems (not only SD-2xx systems).

Anyway, these SD-2xx systems were not very powerful as even the Videopac systems were better, but 5 years before !!

What is strange about these consoles, is that there are not clones of famous systems... The only system which is quite close in many points, though more powerful, is the japanese Cassette Vision from Epoch. The games plastic boxes are the same and the blocky graphics are very similar...

> HOW TO RECOGNISE THEM ?

>THE CONTROLLERS
 Each system is sold with only 1 controller. Each controller has :

a joystick screwed on a disk,
a knob to play breakout type games for example,
and one fire button (the Hanimex has 2 buttons but they have the same function).


The three consoles have a socket for a second controller but none of the games were for two players, so the second controller is never used.

> THE CONTROL PANEL
The buttons available are very "classic" :

ON/OFF - RESET - SELECT -START

> THE CARTRIDGE BOXES
The plastic boxes of the cartridges are very typical to these systems. They are a good way to identify these systems. Note that the Epoch Cassette Vision (Japan) use the same type of plastic boxes.

> THE SYSTEMS

SOUNDIC Soundicvision SD-200

HANIMEX HMG-7900 (Model SD-200)

ROLLET VIDEOCOLOR (Model SD-270)

ITMC SD-290

> THE GAMES

There have been around 10 cartridges produced and some two-players games planned but never released (see list below). Graphics are very blocky, and the playability is very bad !!

Breakaway Chaser Martians

Saucer Attack Le Trésor du Pharaon

Les aventuriers de l'espace Breakaway Le chevalier du jeu

Martians Météorites Le trésor du pharaon

La course à la tortueSaucer attackGobeur

Here are the list of games found, known to exist or planned but never released. Names differ for each system...

Number
Name

201

Chaser / Gobeur

202

Space Smash / Météorites / Invasion de l'espace

203

Saucer attack / Les envahisseurs

204

Raging turtle / Course à la tortue / Labyrinthe

205

Breakaway / Mur de briques / jeu de desctruction

206

Martian / Attaque aérienne

207

Outworlder / La rivière sauvage

208

Expedition / Trésor du pharaon

209?

Le chevalier du jeu

210

Space Scout / Les aventuriers de l'espace

???

Evasion extra-terrestre

Planned

Soccer

Planned

Ski

Planned

Ice skating

Planned

Road race

Planned

Tennis

> LINKS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Hanimex HMG-7900 :
French description of the console and some games

Epoch Cassette Vision :
Japanese page with pictures
Odyssey's Cassette Vision page (excellent, many pictures)

Soundic Soundicvision SD-200:
pelikonepeijoonit.net (excellent web site)

diff --git a/content/magazine/obscure-systems-the-cartridge-pongs-family.html b/content/magazine/obscure-systems-the-cartridge-pongs-family.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0a0def62 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/magazine/obscure-systems-the-cartridge-pongs-family.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Obscure systems : the cartridge pongs family", + "rubrics": [ + "Consoles" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/magazine/articles/4/titre_sd050.jpg", + "group": "Consoles", + "oc_id": 4, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210806072755/http://www.old-computers.com/magazine/view.asp?a=4", + "date": "2021-08-06" + } + } +} + +

> SYSTEMS USING CARTRIDGES WITH GI GAMES

When we write GI games, we mean chipsets sold by General Instruments in the 1970s which made the success of many pong systems. In these chipsets were "ready to run" games and pong manufacturers had almost only to put these chipsets into their system cases to make them work !

After the big success encountered by pong systems, people wanted to buy systems with more games than the ones implemented within their console. So manufacturers conceived cartridge systems that they called "Programmable Systems", i.e. consoles accepting different cartridges for "endless" fun... But while some did real research & development to conceive original systems (ex : Atari), most manufacturers made cartridge systems using GI chips, because this was the easiest and cheapest solution.

As these GI chips were first used in "normal" pong systems, collectors often call these systems "cartridge pong systems" though most of the games are not pong games at all... There a lot of different designed systems but they all play the same games...

> HOW TO RECOGNISE THEM ?

- The main fact is that there are always 10 buttons to make game selections. This is because most cartridges had a lot of games in them, the maximum being 10 games for the "Sport" games cartridge (AY-3-8610 GI chip).

- Joysticks have 1 action button each.

- There are usually 4 or 5 switches typical of pong games settings (Power on/off, Speed pro/am, Player 1 difficulty Pro/Am, Player 2 difficulty Pro/Am, Automatic service on/off)

- There is also a Start or Reset button (often orange).

> THE GAMES

There are a maximum of 8 games which are differently labelled depending on the systems which used them. These games are :

Usual name

Games

GI chip

Supersportic

10 ball games

AY-3-8610

Football basketball tennis hockey grille

Motorcycle

4 motorcycle games

AY-3-8760

Motocycle 1 Motocucle 1 Motorman

Tank Battle

2 tank games

AY-3-8710

Racing cars

2 racing car games

AY-3-8603

Submarine

3 naval battle games

AY-3-8605

Submarine Space

Super wipeout games

10 more ball games

AY-3-8606

Shooting gallery

Shooting games (gun needed)

AY-3-8607

Attack Target skeet

More shooting games ?

...

...

> THE SYSTEMS

Name

Brand

Country

SD-050

ITMC

France

SD-050

Grandstand

UK

SD-050

Hanimex

France

PP-790

Audiosonic

Netherlands

64562

Mark

???

Programmable TV Game

Universum

Germany

SD-070

Hanimex

France

Color TV Game

Acetronic

UK

Micro 10

Prinztronic

UK

Micro 5500

Prinztronic

UK

SHG Blackpoint

SHG

Germany

Poppy 9015

Poppy

Germany

Sanwa 9015

Sanwa

Germany

Unimex

Mark IX

Germany

Optim 600

Optim

???

Tele Cassetten Game...

Palladium

Germany

Tele Cassetten Game...

Palladium

Germany

Cablestar

Binatone

UK

Programmable game

Grandstand

UK

TVG 10

Poppy

Germany

Tournament 2000

Prinztronic

UK

Telesports 3

Radofin

Japan

SHG Blackpoint - Model FS-1003

SHG

Germany

Telesports

SHG

Germany

Jeu Video Cassette Interchangeable

Univox

France

.

diff --git a/content/magazine/old-computers-videogames-exposition-2005.html b/content/magazine/old-computers-videogames-exposition-2005.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c53d6e70 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/magazine/old-computers-videogames-exposition-2005.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Old computers & videogames exposition 2005", + "rubrics": [ + "Events" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/magazine/articles/18/affiche.jpg", + "group": "Events", + "oc_id": 18, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220504175433/http://www.old-computers.com/magazine/view.asp?a=18", + "date": "2022-05-04" + } + } +} + +

OLD COMPUTERS & VIDEO GAME SYSTEMS EXPO 2005
in Talence (France)

From 1st July to 15th july 2005, OLD-COMPUTERS.COM made an exposition about computers & videogame history, at the Forum des Arts et de la Culture in Talence (France).

More than 50 systems were exposed with their own descrpitive charts. A lof of detailed panels were also created relating the history of computing, videogames, grahical user interfaces, etc.

To avoid normal hardware expositions which tends to be boring, the emphasys was made on the visual and audio aspect . We wanted the visitor to be immerged into a complete retro experience, including hearing, seeing, touching and testing.

The result was apparently quite a success as most visitors we talked to were quite impressed by their visit.

Here are some pictures so you can virtualy visit the exposition, as well as some videos :

- Video 1 (entrance + pongs + atari 2600)
- Video 2 (Videopacs + Commodore PET + Tandy TRS-80 + Virtual Boy + Game&Watch)
- Video 3 (Game&watch + Table Tops + Mattel Autorace + Atari 7800 + Apple IIe + Sinclair computers + Commodore 64)
- Video 4 (Commodore 64 + Intellivision + Vectrex + old adverts frieze + commercials video)
- Video 5 (MSX + Amstrad CPC-464 + Colecovision + history panels + Oric + Laser 50 + MO5 + Homebrew ZX-81)
- Video 6 (old adverts frieze + Amstrad PPC + Sega & Nintendo consoles + IBM PC)
- Video 7 (old adverts + pocket systems window display + Atari Jaguar + Atari 1040 STE)
- Video 8 (Matra Alice computers + Apple Macintosh + Thomson TO-7 + history panels)
- Video 9 (exposition hall viewed from the upper mezzanine - part 1)
- Video 10 (exposition hall viewed from the upper mezzanine - part 2)
- Video 11 (Teamtendo electronic live performance for the exposition)



what you see when you enter the exposition
another view from the back of the hall

from the top
left part of the hall

here is the "pixel man" created with red self-adhesive
floor mats. Visitors only realize the meaning of the shape
when looking at it from the upper mezzanine.
the entrance

kids playing pong
pongs, Atari 2600, Videopacs,
Commodore PET, Tandy TRS-80 and Virtual Boy

Sega & Nintendo consoles, original IBM PC,
Atari Jaguar and Atari 1040 STE
Sinclair ZX Spectrum & ZX-81, Apple II
Tandy TRS-80, Nintendo Virtual Boy
and Game & Watch window display

Sinclair ZX Spectrum & ZX-81, Apple II
Commodore 64, Mattel Intellivision
The Vectrex had great success !

kids playing Super Marios Bros on the NES
and Sonic CD on Sega Megadrive + Mega CD.
IBM PC is playing Chess Master 2000 (Hercules graphics)
and Tempest 2000 is running on an Atari Jaguar
in the background...
Early Macintosh computer
+ french Alice systems
Computing history panels in
the background.

the Amstrad PPC is a very interesting
example of early IBM PC portable computers
The "old adverts" frieze is running all
around the hall
french Alice computers
+ Apple Macintosh + Virtual Boy
+ Tandy TRS-80 + Apple II
+ Game & Watch window display

Apple II & Sinclair systems enhanced
by a nice minimalist display and top lightning
A non-stop video of old commercials
is projected on the wall
Videogame history panels
+ some pong examples

The Nintendo Virtual Boy had great success !
As well as the "star-trek" style Commodore PET
Videopac consoles playing
"Jumping Acrobats" and "Stone Sling"

Some Game & Wath items with description sheet
+ some "Table Top" videogame systems
Top of the window display is showing
Mattel Autorace, the first handheld
electronic game + Atari 7800

Stoned visitor blinded by the commercials projection.
The "old adverts" frieze is still running all aorund the hall
Sony MSX playing "Athletic Lands"
+ Amstrad CPC-464 playing "Jet Set Willy"
+ Colecovision playing "Venture" on a very
stylish 80's portable television

Nice view of the curved wall supporting a large portion
of the "old adverts" frieze. Some mico computers
are presented on the forefront block.
young kid captivated by the first
IBM PC playing "Chess Master 2000"
with greenish Hercules graphics

Nintendo NES playing "Super Mario Bros III" next
to Sega Systems (Master System I & II, Saturn, Megadrive II
+ Mega CD II). The Megadrive is playing "Sonic CD"
IBM PC + Atari Jaguar + Atari 1040 STE
"Portable systems" window display in the background

Some example of portable systems...
Canon X-07 and Olivetti M10 for computers,
Atari Lynx, Nintendo Game Boy (+ Game Child asiatic clone),
Sega GameGear, Supervision and Gametronic for handheld consoles
Atari Portfolio and Sharp PC 1500 illustrating
pockets systems concept + some examples of
early data storage mediums (8'', 5''1/4, 3"1/2 and 3" disks, Sinclair Microdrive, Quickdisk and magnetic tape)

Yes, you can't avoid being ridiculous
when playing a Virtual Boy...
Atari 2600 (playing "Space Invaders")
and its box

These panels present two subjects:
evolution of soccer videogames through time,
and evolution of graphical user interfaces
Apple Macintosh and Alice micro-computers,
computing history panels and old
commercial video running in the background

This is the first one of the
videogame history panels
This is the second part of the
computing history panels

This is the second part of the
graphical user interfaces history panels
This is one of the two panels illustrating
the official or not adaptations of an arcade game
(here Donkey Kong) to the numerous gaming
platforms of the 80's

First of the 4 panels illustrating the
evolution of soccer videogames through time
one of the many old adverts used
to create the giant frieze running
all around the exposition hall

one of the press papers
published for the exposition
(Metro, 11th july 2005)
   

____________________

We would like to thank for their precious help building this exposition :

- René Spéranza at www.silicium.org
- Philippe Dubois at www.mo5.com
- Yves Bolognini at www.bolo.ch
diff --git a/content/magazine/oric-2-pc-pc-2-oric.html b/content/magazine/oric-2-pc-pc-2-oric.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cfb5301c --- /dev/null +++ b/content/magazine/oric-2-pc-pc-2-oric.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Oric 2 PC / PC 2 Oric", + "rubrics": [ + "Computers" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/magazine/articles/12/romuald.gif", + "group": "Computers", + "oc_id": 12, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211202071518/http://www.old-computers.com/magazine/view.asp?a=12", + "date": "2021-12-02" + } + } +} + +


ORIC 2 PC / PC 2 ORIC

If you want to backup your old oric disks (from Microdisc or Jasmin drives) on your PC, or if you want to have those disk images (the Oric Megademo for instance) found on the web back to a real disk to use them on a real oric, it's really easy.

In fact there are two ways to do that:

  • using a 3.5" drive linked to your Microdisc or Jasmin unit
  • using a 3" drive on your PC

 

> 3.5" drive linked to your Microdisc or Jasmin unit

The first may be more interesting if you want to use images back on a real oric (but could also be used the other way). You'll find a lot of images on the web and you'll realize that those 3" disks are not that easy to find - except if you have a friend with an old amstrad laying around. But at the same time you could well blow your microric or jasmin disk controller if you don't do it properly - believe me I have one here which went through this.
If you really want a 3.5" drive on your oric have a look at back issues of the CEO mag where they explain in deep the way to add one to your Microdisc or Jasmin Unit.

Either way the method to have oric disk read or written with your PC will be the same...

 

> 3" drive on your PC

If you prefer to add a 3" drive to your PC, read below...

- Needed Stuff -

Here is a short list of what you'll need:


A PC power supply Y splitter


A Slave Microdisc Unit
(a microdisc unit with no floppy
controller inside)

[Note: if you don't have a Microdisc Slave unit, it might be more difficult the perform the transfer. The Microdisc drives are Hitachi 3". Amstrad 6128 3" drives have different connectors (+ the mecanism might not be compatible). Maybe the Amstrad external floppy disk has a compatible connector, I don't have one to check. If you happen to have the transfer working without using an Hitachi drive let me know...].


- Let's Go -

To transfer files, you must first link your 3" drive to the PC. There are 2 ways to do it:

  • sporadic use: you just want to plug a 3" drive to back up your disk from times to times (so you will remove it when the transfer is complete)
  • regular use: you prefer to keep it in your PC because you often transfer files

Depending on your choice you may have to skip some steps below. You will be warned when necessary.

1 - Open your Microdisc unit (four screws under the unit) and you'll then be able to see this:

[Note: if you have a pcb + another cable on top of your drive, it means it's a Microdisc Master unit, you may want to keep it safe because it's the one that is necessary to boot a disk on your real oric.]
2 - Disconnect the power supply plug and the floppy cable and remove the 3" drive from the box (it is not secured so it should come easily). Note the 5.25-drive style connector.
3 - Remove the 3" drive shielding (there are 2 screws, one on each side)
4 - Now you must configure your 3" drive (letter select). Whatever use will be made of the drive (sporadic or regular) configure it as a B: drive.
Set the dipswitch 1 - On and dipswitches 0, 2 and 3 - Off.
[Note: setting the switch 0 - On and 1 - Off would configure the drive as A:].
Now you can put back the drive shielding. If you have chosen the regular use jump to step 8.
[Note: ordinary 3.5" drive have a B:-drive factory-set up. They are seen as A: drive on your PC because of the cable twist before the last connector]
5 - Plug the Y splitter into the drive power connector.
6 - Re-connect the drive to the Microdisc floppy cable.
7 - You can now put back the Microdisc unit cover (hope you didn't lose the screws). When putting it back try to have the power leads going through the little space between the floppy cable connector and the top of the Microdisc box (there's room for it without having to cut the box).
8 - Now the easy stuff... Open your PC tower.
9 - You now have to connect the floppy cable to the 3" drive, it will be different depending on your sporadic or regular option.
  • sporadic : you will then use your 3" drive instead of your 3.5" drive. So disconnect your floppy cable from your 3.5" drive and use it to connect the 3" drive to your PC motherboard using the last connector of your cable (after the twist so the B: setup of the drive will be seen as A: by the PC). Find a spare power supply plug and connect it to the 3" drive.
  • regular : you will use your 3" drive as a second floppy drive (B:). Since the 3" drive bus is like a 5.25 one, you just need an old floppy cable with both types of connectors. And even if you don't have one then you just have to unscrew the cable from the Microdisc slave unit to use it as an interface to a modern floppy drive cable with only one type of connector. Once the cable problem is solved, you need to connect it to the PC motherboard before the twist of the cable (so between the motherboard and the twist). From motherboard to last drive (3.5") you will have:
    motherboard -> 3" drive (B:) -> twist of the cable -> 3.5" drive (A:) Find a spare power supply plug and connect it to the 3" drive. You have now two options, either trying to fit the 3" drive in one bay of your PC, or keep it on the tower (see picture). The latter is not very nice that's why I decided to use the whole Microdisc unit as a standalone unit.

Regular top-of-the-box version
10 - Switch on your PC and enter the Bios Setup. Under the Bios configure your 3" drive as a 5.25" 360 KB drive (it's the A: drive if you have chosen the sporadic option or B: for regular).

 

- File transfers -

Once the setup is ok you have to transfer the files...

To do that you will have to use Readdsk and Writedsk. You can download them from Fabrice Francès's website. You'll also find other utilities and of course the Oric emulator Euphoric...

These utilities work with with Microdisc and Jasmin disks/images without problems. But a Jasmin disk image written back to a real disk will only work on a Jasmin setup. It will be the same for a Microdisc disk image. To avoid problems (and waste of time) check the image under Euphoric, it will prevent you to write a disk without having the proper setup.

You will not have such a problem if you want to backup your oric disks on your PC since Euphoric handles both Jasmin and Microdisc disk images (but beware check Euphoric's manual to see the way to handle those images under the emulator).

Also remember that all disks are not boot-able. It means that you may have succeeded in writing back or backing up a disk without being able to boot it immediately. If it's a boot disk it will work without problems. If not you may have to boot the oric with a boot disk and then swap it with your new disk.

1 - Create a drawer in which you will copy both programs and the disks images you found on the internet (to be used with writedsk).
2 - Once done restart your computer in DOS mode and go to your drawer with the utilities and disk images.
[Note: you could use the utilities in a dos window but it would then be slower and not as accurate as in a pure DOS mode]

Writedsk

We want to write to a real oric disk the disk image of the Oric Megademo (you can find it on oric-international.org).

[Note: writedsk will only work with disk images, these are often files with the .dsk extension. It will not work with tape images, ie .tap files. If you wish to do that you must first have your files extracted from the .tap image and then have it copied in a disk image, you can use Euphoric to do that]
  • at the DOS prompt you can enter writedsk to see the command usage
  • insert a blank 3" floppy in your drive (check that it is write enabled)
    [Note: You may have to format it first on your oric setup before using it on your PC to avoid problems]
  • enter writedsk vip3.dsk a: or writedsk vip3.dsk b: depending on the letter associated with your 3" drive.
  • at the prompt type Y and press ENTER
  • it's now writing the disk image back to your disk. If there is an error, try with another blank 3" floppy.
  • once finished you can now use that disk with your oric...
  • to return to windows enter exit

Click to enlarge

Readdsk

You want to backup your old oric disks to your PC tu use them under Euphoric.
By the way if you find some nice programs (unknown programs, type-ins, your own programs) on these disk images of ours it would be nice to share them with the oric community. Then contact me or upload those images on Oric International's ftp.
  • at the DOS prompt you can enter readdsk to see the command usage
  • insert your 3" oric floppy in your drive
  • enter readdsk mydisk.dsk a: or readdsk mydisk.dsk b: depending on the letter associated with your 3" drive.
  • it's now backing up the disk image to your PC. It will stop when no more tracks will be found
  • once finished you can now use that disk with Euphoric...
  • to return to windows enter exit

Click to enlarge

Here you are. Enjoy...

____________________________

Article written by Romual Liné <romualdl@oric-international.org>

LINKS:

   

diff --git a/content/magazine/pianeta-amiga-2001.html b/content/magazine/pianeta-amiga-2001.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c8cd0316 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/magazine/pianeta-amiga-2001.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "Pianeta Amiga 2001", + "rubrics": [ + "Events" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/magazine/articles/10/daniele.jpg", + "group": "Events", + "oc_id": 10, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210806073911/http://www.old-computers.com/magazine/view.asp?a=10", + "date": "2021-08-06" + } + } +} + +

Daniele ForsiPIANETA AMIGA 2001
Held in Empoli, Italia on the 21st October 2001
Review by Daniele Forsi

Ciao!

Today I went to "Pianeta Amiga" with a friend.
"Pianeta Amiga" stands for "Planet Amiga" and it's the only Amiga two-days show held in Empoli, Italy. For the past five years, I have never missed it.

Pianeta Amiga entrance

At 10.30 we buy the tickets, but there are no gadgets this year. We get in and our first feeling is sadness (like for last 3 years...). Fewer stands, fewer people and all the speeches were held yesterday !

We start our first round with the big stand of Virtual Works with their usual big stock of CDs (a little smaller than last year) and among them, the software development kit and assorted hardware with an A570 in the corner. I get the price list and ignore the A570... On the same stand they have the Amiga XL OS, CrossDos, CrossMac, software for DTV and some high level hardware (both technicaly and in terms of price) such as PCI slots for A1200, GVP SIMMs and daughter boards that I don't know...
Then there is Haage & Partner stand presenting hybrid mother boards with Zorro/PCI slots put in a tower case (the man from H&G is interviewed by a local TV). I ask nothing because he will answer me in English (reading and writing is different from listening and speaking, isn't it?). Sadly, there are no leaflets for us "only english-readers".

People waiting to get in

Then along the second wall of the exposition room we find :
- a small stand with Cloanto (empty at this time)
- a stand with a well known man (I saw him there before, but I can't remember the name of his company). He presents some "untested" hard disks at 10,000 lire, a new 30 GB HD at 233,000 lire an A500 power supply at 30,000 lire and an A1000 for which I don't ask the price... Later I heard that he asked 200,000 lire plus some other hardware stuff.
- a small stand with mainly new (not second hand, I mean) software
- a small stand with a boy and a girl from Massa, who try to sell us a feet stand but I put my feet on the Pentium III case, honest :-)
- another small stand with a boy with colored hair (a light colour I don't remember, maybe yellow, but my Workbench has only 4 colours, so it might have been remapped to another colour in my mind :-) ). He demonstrates some "educational" cards to be used with satellite decoders
- and finaly, the small stand of the Italian magazine "Enigma Amiga Life" with back issues... The editor is there.

Amiga 1000 with Side-car, Vortex external hard-disk, two external 5.25'' FDDs and an Easyl Tablet interface...

Along the third wall, dividing the expo and the conference area, there is an area for second hand trades, including 4 or 5 items proposed at "collectors" prices.

Along the fourth wall we find :
- a big stand with PPC G3/G4 computers. Later they ran a demo with loud music and woke up the sleepy audience, gathering some people, just like at SMAU (you make noise and people come to see what's happening)
- a big stand with software and hardware (Italian people)
- another big stand with software and hardware (Fa.Amiquipment from Germany) with the white Amiga International mouse at 20,000 lire, Zorro II IDE controller (Buddha) at 99,000 lire instead of 109,000, and an A1200 M/B in a tower case with software for 449,000 lire.

On my second tour, I ask the German man info about the Buddha IDE controller (which I understood), and about the A1200 tower (which I didn't understand, they don't have literature to read or take away, what a pity).

On my third tour, I am about to ask Virtual Works if they Amiga Forever 4 in stock but I resist :-). Then we walk to the Cloanto stand : they have Amiga Forever 4 and I can't resist (I try to buy it but they are giving it away for free !)

What could be more italian ? A "bouncing ball" Fiat car !!

Finaly, we return to the German man and I buy myself a white Amiga mouse and an IDE controler. As a gift, the guy gives me 3 CDs with demos and games.

Then we go again to Virtual Works to ask about the A570. Expecting a 100,000 lire price tag I get a 40,000 answer with an offer for the SCSI module at 86.000 and the 2 MB ram expansion at 40,000 (IIRC), with a price cut if buy everything. Mmmmh... I decide to try to use the RAM I alreadly have and I buy the A570 with the SCSI module for 100,000. But since I have only one A500 I don't think I would buy some more A570s (maybe next year).

At 12 o'clock we leave the exposition, and after some brain storming, we go to the Chinese restaurant, exactly as we did the last 3 years :-)

In the end, I spent more money this year and less time than ever. There were less stuff and less people, but I am more satisfied (maybe because I bought something). There also was less stuff but most things were of a higher level. There were not any retrocomputers either (except the A1000 for sale), but there were some retrogames (but nothing really good, apart A320 Airbus in German at 20,000, but as I don't understand German...)

Let's hope that Pianeta Amiga 6th edition will take place next year !

Daniele Forsi.
diff --git a/content/magazine/rca-studio-2-build-your-own-switchbox.html b/content/magazine/rca-studio-2-build-your-own-switchbox.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9ef0eb1c --- /dev/null +++ b/content/magazine/rca-studio-2-build-your-own-switchbox.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "RCA Studio 2 : build your own switchbox!", + "rubrics": [ + "Consoles" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/magazine/articles/14/rca_studio2_witchbox.jpg", + "group": "Consoles", + "oc_id": 14, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210806072255/http://www.old-computers.com/magazine/view.asp?a=14", + "date": "2021-08-06" + } + } +} + +

THE RCA STUDIO II SWITCHBOX
& HOW TO BUILD ONE YOURSELF
by Mike Pelletier

The RCA Studio II game has a unique 'Switch Box'. This Switch Box is an input/output device that allows to connection to:
1. The TV
2. Game Console
3. Power Supply.

The Switch Box has not been built since the late 1970's. There is no easy way to buy a Switch Box off the shelf due to its unique characteristics.

Here is a picture of the Switch Box. Note the TV hook up on the bottom side is for older style TV sets. A simple $2 coax cable 'balun' can be used to plug into a modern TV coax on the back of your TV set. The power supply input in on the face (looking at you) and the game console input in on the left hand side. On the top of the Switch Box, you can see a little black lever poking out. This is a switch that allows one to go from TV to Game mode without having to unhook all the connections.

I have seen many RCA Studio 2 games bought and sold without the Switch Box. They are a fairly rare find to buy on various internet sites. I had to buy mine for $30 in early 2002. What I did find out once I bought mine and took it apart is that one can build their own pseudo Switch Box with some basic electrical components.

Based on the importance of the RCA Studio II Switch Box to the operation of the system, we need to explore how it actually works.

The internal components of the Switch Box are made up of simple capacitors, inductors (coils), Input/output terminals and a switch. These items can be obtained from a local Radio Shack or electronics hobby store.

In making your own switch box, I made several attempts. The easiest way to build the box was to forget about the 'switch'. That is, when I want to use the RCA game, I just hook it up and when I am done, I un-hook it. The implementation of a switch just made the design more difficult with little improvement to using the game.

Using the schematic diagram: (pick 1977, RCA Studio 2, Schematic Switch Box) found at http://videogames.org/html/ and this parts list one can build their own:

C1 = 100 pf orange ‘disk’ with ‘101J’ Radio Shack # 272-1015 printed on it $1

C2 = C3 = 0.002 uF but I used 0.001uF Radio Shack catalog # 272-126 $1

C4 = 47 uF at 16 Volts Radio shack # 272-1015 $0.50

T1 = five leaded transformer with ‘Red Eye’ dot out of Radio Shack PK30 kit, Catalog # 273-1601 $2.69

RFC1 = RFC 2 = brown-two leaded coils in same package as above for T1

DC input Terminal = Coax Power Jacks 2.1. Radio Shack catalog # 274-1565 $2

DC Power Supply = input 120v (wall outlet) to 9V dc at 300mA (or you can use 250mA)female socket. $3.50

Phono Jack = (Console’s 18 ft cord into here ) Radio Shack catalog # 274-346 $2.99

Two copper wires= $0, go to input on TV. You may need a balun if Coax only on TV $2

Total component cost = $13 to $15

The system above DOES NOT use a ‘switch’ to easily go from TV to Video Game. If you want to play the game, you need to hook the above unit up to the power, TV and Console. When you are done playing, you need to unhook the unit. DON’T LEAVE THE UNIT HOOKED TO POWER UNATTENDED. I don’t know what could happen !

The home made Switch Box was made to be very simple. The componenets came from Radio Shack. As you can see in the picture, the 'holding cell' for all these parts soldered together was a $1 Tupperware plastic container. My hands could not fit in anything smaller.

For the input/output terminals for power, TV and consule, I simply melted the plastic on the side of the container with my soldering iron. Try to do this outside !

The toughest component to find was the 5 leaded balun, coil or transformer (whatever you want to call it), item listed as T1 on the schematic and parts list. I found it in a Radio Shack Coils/Transformers mixed bag of parts. I called it the 'red eye spider' since it has a red dot in the middle of the 3mmx3mmx2mm insulating material. I have no idea what the value of this thing is, but it seems to work great. Hard to see in the picture of the home made device, but it is right in the middle of the whole mess!

I also used the brown coils/transformers in the above Radio Shack mixed bag of parts as item RFC1 and 2. No idea of values, but they work. And, they are more numerous to find than the red eye spiders.

If you have any updates, questions, comments, complaints or whinings, please let me know.

Mike in NH
mikpel@hotmail.com

ps: thanks to Scott and Mark for helping me with the project
diff --git a/content/magazine/sio2ide-or-how-to-install-a-hard-disk-in-your-8-bit-atari.html b/content/magazine/sio2ide-or-how-to-install-a-hard-disk-in-your-8-bit-atari.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..38902e06 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/magazine/sio2ide-or-how-to-install-a-hard-disk-in-your-8-bit-atari.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "title": "SIO2IDE or How to install a hard-disk in your 8-bit Atari", + "rubrics": [ + "Computers" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/magazine/articles/12/romuald.gif", + "group": "Computers", + "oc_id": 13, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211202073355/http://www.old-computers.com/magazine/view.asp?a=13", + "date": "2021-12-02" + } + } +} + +

SIO 2 IDE 1.0

Howto 1.0 written by Romuald

SIO2IDE (C) 2002 by MMSoft
and the author: Marek Mikolajewski

You've always dreamt of an atari without those cumbersome disk drives. You would like to get rid of those floppy disks and their limited size. You've tried SIO2PC, you found it great but a PC is even more cumbersome than a disk drive... Try SIO2IDE.

You can find information and necessary programs for the SIO2IDE interface in Marek Mikolajewski's page.

This page is just intended to explain how to have the sio2ide 1.0 running in your atari. I had some problems to have it working since the documentation was in Polish (and I can't read it). So this page might help some people around.

 

> 2.5" Harddrive in your ATARI 8bit

Here is the way to install your sio2IDE 1.0 interface in your atari.

> Installation Howto
Here is a short list of what you'll need:

  • an atari (800xl or 130xe). But notice that if you want to have the 2.5" installed in your atari, the 800xl cartridge trapdoor might be a problem, if you have pics of your 800xl with the hard drive inside send them to me please. I did it on an atari 130xe so there might be some difference with the way to do it on the 800xl (for the installation/soldering only, the software and harddrive setup will remain the same)
  • an atari diskdrive (1050 is ok)
  • a SIO2IDE interface + cinfiguration floppy (atari floppy with Mydos 4.53/4 and Fdisk.com)
  • a 2.5" hard drive (low consumption, small size, and only +5v power supply which could be taken from inside the atari). A 3.5" disk would not fit inside the atari and there would be the power supply problem (it also needs +12v which you can't find in the atari)
  • a 2.5"->3.5" ide converter since you will have to plug a 2.5" drive on the 3.5" connector of the sio2ide interface
  • some soldering experience (and the necessary equipment) to put the interface in the atari (be careful you can severely damage your atari (and yourself?) if you don't know what you're doing, so proceed only if you CAN do it or have it done by someone with the ability the do it)
  • an electronic plier (or a crimp tool)

> Let's go

1 - Open your Atari and remove the keyboard so that you'll have more room to work.  
2 - along with your sio2ide interface you were supplied a connector (which will be connected to SIO_IO on the interface) , have some wires cut (avoid to make them too short or you may have some problem when connecting that cable to the sio2pc interface, see step 3 for the different soldering options before cutting the wires) and use you plier or a crimping tool to have the wires tightened on the small metal tabs. But don't slide the wires+metal tabs in the connector yet...  

3 - Concerning the length of the wires you have two options:

  • either you have the wired directly soldered on the top of sio port (on the pins of the port), then you'll need something like 10cm wires (to have some liberty to move around) (see pictures )
  • or you can solder those wires on the solder side of your atari motherboard (you will then need more wire length in order to have the wires running from under the motherboard to the sio2ide interface). It you prefer this option, it means you have then to:
    • remove the metal shielding (use a plier to bend the metal clips)
    • unscrew the motherboard
    • then find the sio port solder pads

I chose the quick and dirty pin-soldering option (see pictures).

Solder the wires on the atari SIO port pins #3, 5, 7, 4, 10. Check twice before soldering (pin 1 is easy to find since 1 is written on the motherboard but if you have doubts look at the picture for pin number identification).

[Note: beware if you chose the motherboard solder side option the numbers will be reversed, check twice before soldering]

[Note: I always check if the solder joints are good with a multimeter to avoid surprises later]

Click to enlarge

Click to enlarge

4 - Now you can slide the wires+metal tabs in the connector matching the table below:

SIO-IO pin SIGNAL ATARI SIO pin
1 (see note 1) DATA_IN 5
2 DATA_OUT 3
3 COMMAND 7
4 RESET_OUT - (see note 2)
5 GND 4 (see note 3)
6 GND 4
7 VCC 10

[Note 1: SIO-IO pin #1 is to be found on the left of the connector and you can see it written on the sio2ide interface if you look closely]
[Note 2: the RESET_OUT signal is optional, it works without connecting it]
[Note 3: I chose to have a jumper from SIO-IO #5 and #6 and thus only one wire on the SIO pin #4, if you prefer to keep the original pinout then solder one more wire to SIO pin #4]

Click to enlarge
5 - Now you have to find +5v and GND for the harddrive.
Don't do what I did on the picture: I found an easy way to have +5v and GND, I soldered the two wires on the atari power supply socket but I didn't realize that doing this would automatically bypass the atari on/off switch. Thus when I plug the atari's power supply the harddrive begins to spin automatically even if the atari isn't switched ON. That's a very bad idea, find another place to solder those two wires... 		Click to enlarge
6 - ok everything is soldered... Click to enlarge

7 - now connect the small SIO cable to the SIO-IO connector of the interface, connect the power supply to the harddrive, the harddrive to the interface (see the picture for the red-pin1 stuff), and voila...

[Note: you may have to find a way to isolate the harddrive and the interface in order to avoid shortcuts, I used paper for testing purposes but something better is easy to find and is highly necessary).

 Click to enlarge
8 - Put the keyboard you will need it to configure everything... ;)
But don't put the cover back yet since we will have to access the jumper settings. 		Click to enlarge

 

> SIO2IDE Configuration

Once the interface, solders and wires are ok we have to configure the harddrive to work with the sio2ide interface... Hook up your atari, disk drive and TV but do not switch it on...

Some useful information:

Interface state monitor LEDs:

  • PWR_LED - indicates the interface power supply status
  • SIO_LED - indicates that the SIO command is received
  • BSY_LED - indicates that the Hard Disk is busy or that an error occured
  • IDE_LED - indicates the IDE bus activity (HDD output)

 

1 - Before switching on your atari set the SIO2IDE jumpers:


Jumper Setting Description
------------------------------------
HD1_ZW Off Disk D1: Off
INIT_ZW On Disk swap D1<=>D2
MS_ZW On Master mode

[Note: you should have received your SIO2IDE interface with this jumper setting]

2 - Now insert your Mydos + Fdisk floppy in the 1050
3 - Switch on your atari while holding down the OPTION key to boot Mydos... After some LED activity you should see Mydos menu and the BSY_LED should NOT be active. If that's the case everything is OK. If not check that all your connections are ok and that you set the jumpers the proper way.  

4 - At the prompt type
L
then:
FDISK.COM
and then Fdisk.com will be loaded (it is the sio2ide configuration program)...


  
5 - On the first menu screen type 1 to see the master SIO2IDE interface configuration (you can have 2 sio2ide interfaces in your atari). You will then have this menu:

1 - View Disks and SIO2IDE parameters
2 - View Partition Table
3 - View Disks Sequence
4 - Edit Partition Table
5 - Edit Disks Sequence
6 - Exit

Enter 2 to see the partition table.
You will then see the 16 partitions (P1->P16) of the harddrive. Sio2ide 1.0 is limited to 16 partitions with a maximum of 65535 sectors per partition (it depends of course on the hardrive, I did it with a small capacity harddrive and I only had 8 partitions). But even with a 16 partitions harddisk sio2Ide 1.0 will see the partitions 8 by 8 because they are associated to disks and DOSes are limited to eight disks. With the edit disk sequence screen you will be able to access the other partitions by remapping/associating them with different disks. But for the moment, write down on a paper the number of sectors per partition you will need it later on...
Now you can exit Fdisk: press a key then enter 6 and finally 3.
Your computer should now go back to Mydos screen...

 
6 - You must then change the config of the dos (to tell him the number and the size of the disks to be used)...
At the prompt enter : O
Drive Number or Return: 2
Remove Drive: N
Is Drive Configurable: Y
High Capacity Drive: Y
Drive Size (in sectors): [Note: enter here the number of sectors for the Disk/Partition P2, ex:] 65535

Then we must initialize this Disk/Partition (=format), so enter I at the prompt and then:
Disk to Format: 2
Type (Y) to format Drive 2: Y

You will have to repeat step 6 with every drive from D3 to D8 (D2 is done now and you can't access D9-D16 for the time being). Just replace 2 with the number of your disk and of course the size in sectors (that's why you had to write them down)

 
7 - you must not forget the boot partition...
In fact we have now prepared partition 2 to 8, but the interface must boot on a DOS partition. You have then to prepare the partition #1 to become the boot partition...
At the prompt enter L then enter
FDISK.COM
Enter 1 to view the master sio2ide settings
then enter 4 (edit disk sequence)
enter 1 to edit one disk
enter the disk: 2 (disk that you want to modify)
enter the partition: 1 (you want to associate partition 1 to disk 2 to access to the content of the partition 1 when requesting Drive 2 under the DOS)
then enter 2 to save the changes, enter 3, 6 and 3 to return to the DOS screen.
Then repeat step 6 with Drive 2 (but it will physically alter partition 1)...
after drive 2/partition 1 has been "O" + "I" you need to make it a system/boot drive/partition by copying the DOS on it, enter H, then 2.

Once the dos files are copied you may also want to copy FDISK on this drive to access is easily from the harddrive (use C under the dos).

[Note: now you can also repeat step 6 with partitions P9 to P16 by associating them to D2 to D8 with the Edit disk sequence of FDISK... I won't describe it here since it's always the same thing]

  
8 - Before trying your new atari + harddrive you must then get the things back to the normal (P1->D1, P2->D2) so launch FDISK.COM enter:
L
FDISK.COM
1
4
and here associate D1 to P1, and D2 to P2. Save your changes by entering 2 and exit FDISK.

You can now switch off your computer...

 

9 - set SIO2IDE jumpers

Jumper Setting Description
------------------------------------
HD1_ZW Off Disk D1: Off
INIT_ZW On Disk swap D1<=>D2
MS_ZW On Master mode
 
10 - Detach your 1050 disk drive, switch on the computer and wait for Atari and HDD power-up...
The computer will then start in basic mode and only the PWR_LED on the SIO2IDE is active
From the Atari BASIC prompt type BYE command, you will then see the self test screen
Press RESET key to restart the computer and load the DOS from the SIO2IDE disk (D1:)
You should now have the DOS screen (if you still have basic type DOS and if no result check taht you've followed the steps carefully)... Once at the dos prompt, you can run FDISK.COM to change your configuration and access other partitions...

[Note: if you want an automatic system start without to start in basic and then pressing Reset you must connect the Reset_Out signal (SIO_IO pin 4) as shown in the schematics in the Polish Technical Manual...]

 

Here you are. Enjoy...

> Postface

having a harddrive is cool but you would prefer to have your partitions full of games and utilities. There are 3 ways of doing that:

  • copy the files on floppies with your PC (special equipment needed I will explain this method soon)
  • use SIO2PC. That would be really the best choice since all the files are on your PC and it's pretty fast and easy...
  • in fact the third way is not really a third option. Either way 1 or 2 is long, so forget sio2ide 1.0 and upgrade to sio2ide 3.0. It's not the same software, it's not the same interface (the chip is not the same and some mods have to be done on the interface) but with the 3.0 version here is what you have:

    ATARI side:

    • uses standard Atari SIO at a speed of 19200 baud
    • emulates Atari disks D1: to D7:
    • can be used with any Atari DOS and OS
    • can be used without any problems with other SIO devices (disk drivers, printers, modems, SIO2PC, second SIO2IDE etc)
    • can be easy installed inside your Atari with 2.5' laptop HD
    • is easy to configure via special fdisk.com utility software (changing disks sequence and active directory)
      IDE device side:

    • all IDE ATA/ATAPI devices can be used: Disk Drives (2.5' and 3.5'), CD-ROMs, Compact Flash cards etc.
    • supports PC file systems, FAT16 and FAT32
    • supports CD file system, ISO9660
    • supports ATR disk images (SD, DD up to 16MB)
    • supports directory change (multiconfig)
    • is easy to configure, many text configuration files (sio2ide.cfg) can be stored in different directories
    • disk configuration can be checked by special checkfs.exe PC utility
    • standard disk utilities can be used (defrag.exe, scandisk.exe etc)

Let's also add that you can format your harddrive on your PC, and you can also create your directories with all your atari programs (such as ATR DD 16mo for example) from your PC. Once done you just have to put back the harddrive in your atari 130xe.

____________________________

Article written by Romual Liné <romualdl@hotmail.com>
diff --git a/content/magazine/vieumikro-2001.html b/content/magazine/vieumikro-2001.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..341fc25e --- /dev/null +++ b/content/magazine/vieumikro-2001.html @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +{ + "title": "Vieumikro 2001", + "rubrics": [ + "Events" + ], + "params": { + "group": "Events", + "oc_id": 9, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210806074908/http://www.old-computers.com/magazine/view.asp?a=9", + "date": "2021-08-06" + } + } +} + +

VIEUMIKRO 2001

Vieumikro is THE french meeting for old computers and videogames collectors and enthusiasts. Now once a year, it takes place in a little village near Toulouse, called Bon-Repos-sur-Ausonelle, and is organised by the Silicium association.

This year event was once again a success with more visitors and more systems exposed !

_________

If you want to see more pictures :
http://perso.club-internet.fr/nicogil/index.html
http://pocket.free.fr/html/vm2001/vm2001_e.html
http://8bits.scriba.net/vm2001/


Overview 1


Overview 2


Overview 3


Amstrad coders corner with impressive demos


Playing Sega Saturn on the big screen


MSX collection - part 1


MSX collection - part 2


PET-2001, Sanyo PHC-25, Alice 90,
DataVue 25, Yeno SC3000H...


Pockets collection - part 1
(with Canon X-07 video interface !)


Pockets collection - part 2
(notice the Quick Disk Drive in the center)


There were even a Next network !


Exotic computers


JET - weird eastern spectrum clone
(mounted in a telephone plastic case)


The mighty rare OC-2000
(Interton VC-4000 clone)


Commodore MAX machine,
only sold in Japan


Amstrad GX-4000 demo system


Impressive MK90 russian pocket computer


And the winner of the "beauty" contest is Mr Pocket
with its MK90 pocket computer !


R.Speranza, president of the Silicium association,
offers the contest's prize to the winner :
a superb "apricot" C64 !
diff --git a/content/museum/_index.html b/content/museum/_index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..407734aa --- /dev/null +++ b/content/museum/_index.html @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +{ + "title": "Museum" +} + + diff --git a/content/museum/apple-ii.html b/content/museum/apple-ii.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9edb3d49 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/museum/apple-ii.html @@ -0,0 +1,741 @@ +{ + "title": "APPLE II", + "categories": [ + "Computers" + ], + "types": [ + "Home Computer" + ], + "origins": [ + "U.S.A." + ], + "years": [ + "1977" + ], + "cpus": [ + "MOS 6502" + ], + "params": { + "name": "APPLE II", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/apple_ii.jpg", + "company": "/companies/apple", + "company_name": "Apple", + "specs": [ + [ + "NAME", + "APPLE II" + ], + [ + "MANUFACTURER", + "Apple" + ], + [ + "TYPE", + "Home Computer" + ], + [ + "ORIGIN", + "U.S.A." + ], + [ + "YEAR", + "April 1977" + ], + [ + "END OF PRODUCTION", + "1980" + ], + [ + "BUILT IN LANGUAGE", + "Integer Basic" + ], + [ + "KEYBOARD", + "Full-stroke keyboard - only supports uppercase letters" + ], + [ + "CPU", + "MOS 6502" + ], + [ + "SPEED", + "1 MHz" + ], + [ + "RAM", + "4 KB (64 KB max.)" + ], + [ + "ROM", + "12 KB (Monitor + Integer Basic + 'sweet 16' mini-assembler )" + ], + [ + "TEXT MODES", + "40 x 24 / 80 x 24 (with 80 columns card)" + ], + [ + "GRAPHIC MODES", + "40 x 40-48 (16 colors), 280 x 192 (4 and later 6 colors)" + ], + [ + "COLORS", + "16" + ], + [ + "SOUND", + "one channel" + ], + [ + "SIZE / WEIGHT", + "Unknown" + ], + [ + "I/O PORTS", + "Video out (composite), 8 expansion slots, Tape recorder, Paddles" + ], + [ + "POWER SUPPLY", + "Built-in PSU" + ], + [ + "PRICE", + "$1298 (1978, USA)" + ] + ], + "tabs": [ + "photos", + "adverts", + "hardware", + "connectors", + "software", + "emulators", + "links", + "docs", + "videos", + "comments" + ], + "photos": [ + { + "title": "INSIDE AN APPLE II", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/apple_apple2_inside_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "APPLE II REAR", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/apple_apple2_rear_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "ITT SOLD APPLE II COMPUTERS UNDER ITS BRAND", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/itt_appl.jpg" + } + ], + "adverts": [ + { + "title": "ADVERT", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "

Picture courtesy of Steve Browning, www.sbrowning.com/vintage.

", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/apple_advert_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "U.S. ADVERT #1 (1977)", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "The first Apple II advert.

Advert said:

Clear the kitchen table. Bring in the color TV. Plug in your new Apple ll and connect any standard cassette recorder / player. Now, you're ready for an evening of discovery in the new world of personal computers.
Only Apple ll makes it that easy. At $1298, it includes video graphics in 15 colors, 8KB ROM and 4KB RAM... It's the first personal computer with a fast version of BASIC permanently stored in ROM...

Apple ll is also available in board-only form to the do-it-yourself hobbyist. Has all of the features of the Apple ll system but does not include case, keyboard, power supply or game paddles. $598", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/apple_ii_advertd_3.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "U.S. ADVERT #2 (1979)", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "Advert said:

What in the name of Adam do people do with Apple computers?
You tell us.
In a thousand of words or less.
If your story is original and intriguing enough, you can win a one-week trip to Hawaii. Which is the closest we could come to paradise.

Unfortunately, the contest ended March 31, 1980...", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/apple_ii_advert_3.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "U.S. ADVERT #3 (1979)", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "From Playboy December 1979.

Thanks to Peathead

", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/apple_ii_advert_s1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "U.S. ADVERT #4(1980)", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "The users featured in the ad said:

(left) Programming is a snap! I'm halfway through Apple's BASIC manual and already I've programmed my own Star Wars game.

...with half of the universe

(middle) Those math programs I wrote last week - I just rewrote them using Apple's mini assembler and got them to run a hundred time faster.

Of course, it's very easy for a newbie programmer to program maths assembly routines with a microprocessor which only knows how to add and subtract integer values.

(right)Apple's smart peripherals make expansion easy. Just plug'em it and you are ready to run. I've already added two disks, a printer and a communication card.", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/apple_ii_advertd_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "U.S. ADVERT #5 (1980)", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "Advert said:

If you could talk to Thomas Edison, he'd tell you what it was like to turn the light on in 1879. You could tell him about some bright idea of the 20th century... particularly, a technological phenomenon that can handle everything from solar heat control to lighting you home via voice command. The Apple personal computer...
... With Apple, Edison could've written a program to determine why some filaments burned longer than others...", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/apple_ii_advertd_2.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "APPLE LOGO (1982)", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "Apple Logo was a very successful implementation of Logo. It contained some advanced features such as property list and packages, as well as extremely good documentation.

At the time, Apple thought the Logo language would encourage schools to invest heavily in personal computers for all the class levels.
Sadly, Logo never became the revolutionary language that they had hoped for and very few schools taught it to their pupils (except in France).", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/apple_ii_logolanguage_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "APPLE BUSINESS GRAPHICS", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "The Apple graphics package was launched in September 1982. It was available for both the Apple II and Apple III.

Advert said:

As you know, one picture is worth a few thousand numbers.
As you may not know, Apple Business Graphics software can generate more types of pictures, in more colours, using more data than any other graphics package... On the monitor of your choice. And on virtually any printer or plotter on the market...", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/apple_ii_businessgraph_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "APPLE ACCESSORIES", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "Advert said:

There are more people in more places making more accessories and peripherals for Apples than for any other personal computer in the world.
Thanks to those people - in hundreds of independant companies - who can make the humblest 1978 Apple II turn tricks that are still on IBM's Wish List for 1984.
But now we're coming out with our very own line of peripherals and accessories for Apple personal computers...

The dual language of Apple: In the same advert, Apple thanks the companies manufacturing Apple compatible peripherals and asks its customers to buy only Apple peripherals in the future....", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/apple_ii_advertd_4.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "SOFTCARD COPY", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "An advert for one of the numerous copies of the Microsoft SotfCard. Initially, they were manufactured in the United States then in Asia.", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/apple_ii_softcardcopy_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "NEW ZEALAND AD. (1980)", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "Nice advert, but nothing seems right in the picture...

Thanks to Murray Muffat from New Zeland

", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/apple_ii_advertd_s5.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "FRENCH ADVERT (JAN. 1980)", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "\"The personal computer of Mr sales manager\"", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/apple_advert_directeur-des-ventes_1.jpg" + } + ], + "hardware": [ + { + "title": "WORKSTATION CARD", + "subtitle": "Appletalk card", + "text": "This card is used to connect an Apple IIe to a localtalk network.", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/apple_ii_card_appletalk.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "Z80 SOFTCARD ADVERT", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "The Z80 Softcard made the Apple II fully compatible with the CP/M operating system and allowed it to run the largest library of professional software of the time, including the Microsoft programming languages, among them the BASIC 5.0 interpreter.", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/apple_ii_softcard_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "Z80 SOFTCARD", + "subtitle": "Full package", + "text": "The card was designed by Burtronix of Orange, California.

Thanks to Steve Perry

", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/apple_ii_softcard_s1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "MICROSOFT RAMCARD ADVERT (1982)", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "Together with the Softcard, the Ramcard turned the Apple II into a 56 KB CP/M system.", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/apple_ii_ramcard_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "DISK II FIRST MANUAL", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "This is the very first version of the Disk II manual, front cover and first page, dated September 1978", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/apple_ii_disk2manual_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "JOYSTICKS", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "Two Apple joysticks for IIe and IIc versions, and a clone version with a fire button made by CH Products, San Marco, California.", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/apple_ii_joystick_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "ANALOG HANDCONTROLLERS", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/apple_2e_handcontr_2.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "HAND CONTROLLERS", + "subtitle": "Box", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/apple_hand-controllers_box.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "JOY STICK", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/apple2_joy_stick.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "GRAPHIC TABLET", + "subtitle": "& its card", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/apple_apple2_graphic-tablet.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "KEYPAD", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/apple_apple2_keypad.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "DYNATYPER", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "Here is the sale brochure of the Dynatyper, a strange and obscure printing device launched in 1980:

Dynatyper is a new typewriter interface system designed to generate hard copy directly from computer output through any electric typewriter. It exploits the high quality and use of full upper and lower case characters of your electric typewriter. Users of small computer systems can now expand those systems into applications demanding high quality text, such as word processing.

Consisting of an array of coils positioned in the same pattern as the typewriter's keyboard. These coils are wired into an electrical decoding matrix. Designed to operate on voltage available from standard computers, the Dynatyper is easily installed without modification to your typewriter. Adjustments for different key heights are easy.

Rochester Data provides interfaces and software for the TRS-80 Level 1 & 2, the Apple II and also a 6 bit parallel interface for general operation with other computers. The same interface board can be modified by jumper selection to eperate in any of the above modes...

Thanks to Bob Leedom for information and pictures

", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/apple_ii+_dinatyper_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "ECHO SPEECH PROCESSOR II", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/apple_appleii_echoii_board.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "ROLAND CMU-500 INTERFACE", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "This item, a Roland Compumusic CMU-500 Apple II Interface, was used to connect musical instruments to the Apple II series of computers !", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/apple_apple2_roland-cmu500_interface.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "ECHO II", + "subtitle": "speech/music/sound synthesizer", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/apple_apple2_echo2-speech-synth_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "ACOUSTIC COUPLER", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/apple_apple2_acoustic-coupler_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "EARLY APPLE PRINTER", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/apple_apple2_printer1.jpg" + } + ], + "connectors": [ + { + "title": "APPLE II SLOT DESIGN", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "To note:
NMI = Non Maskeable Interrupt
INT IN and INT OUT are for daisy chaining of interrupt controllers
DMA IN and DMA OUT and DMA all concern Direct Memory Access
7M is a 7MHz clock signal
Q3 is a 2MHz clock
The 7MHz clock provides a 3.5MHz colour reference signal for video.", + "image": "/media/museum/connectors/apple_ii_slotdesign_1.jpg" + } + ], + "screenshots": [ + { + "title": "APPLE PANIC", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/apple_appleii_applepanic_ss.gif" + }, + { + "title": "AZTEC", + "subtitle": "Title screen", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/apple_appleii_aztec_ss.gif" + }, + { + "title": "DRAGON FIRE", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/apple_appleii_dragonfire_ss.gif" + }, + { + "title": "DRAGON FIRE", + "subtitle": "2nd screen", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/apple_appleii_dragonfire_ss2.gif" + }, + { + "title": "DROL", + "subtitle": "Excellent game !", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/apple_appleii_drol_ss.gif" + }, + { + "title": "KARATEKA", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/apple_appleii_karateka_ss.gif" + }, + { + "title": "LODE RUNNER", + "subtitle": "A great classic", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/apple_appleii_loderunner_ss.gif" + }, + { + "title": "MARBLE MADNESS", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/apple_appleii_marblemadness_ss.gif" + }, + { + "title": "MINER 2049ER", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/apple_appleii_miner2049er_ss.gif" + }, + { + "title": "MONTEZUMA REVENGE", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/apple_appleii_montezuma-revenge_ss.gif" + }, + { + "title": "STAR LEAGUE BASEBALL", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/apple_appleii_star-league-baseball_ss.gif" + }, + { + "title": "APPLESOFT COMPILER", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "Also called TASC or AppleSoft Version 3, the AppleSoft Basic Compiler could make use of extended memory on 128K versions", + "image": "/media/museum/software/apple_ii+_applesoftcompiler_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "FLIGHT SIMULATOR", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "In January 1983, this Flight Simulator version was in competition with the first Microsoft version which had just been launched.", + "image": "/media/museum/software/apple_ii_flightsim_1.jpg" + } + ], + "emulators": [ + { + "title": "Apple Oasis", + "url": "http://www.geocities.com/APL24WIN/index.html", + "platform": "Windows", + "text": "Emulates Apple IIe system including hard disk, clock, CP/M card, etc." + }, + { + "title": "AppleWin", + "url": "http://applewin.berlios.de/", + "platform": "Windows", + "text": "A great apple 2+ and apple 2e emulator for windows" + }, + { + "title": "Bernie ][ the rescue", + "url": "http://www.bernie.gs/Bernie/", + "platform": "Apple", + "text": "(Available for BeOS too)" + }, + { + "title": "Catakig", + "url": "http://www.radix.net/~cklipsch/ctkgdoc/", + "platform": "Apple", + "text": "" + }, + { + "title": "YAE, Yet another Apple ][ Emulator", + "url": "http://quark.netfront.net:6502/", + "platform": "Unix / Linux", + "text": "" + }, + { + "title": "The Official ShapeShifter Home Page", + "url": "http://www.uni-mainz.de/~bauec002/SSMain.html", + "platform": "Amiga OS", + "text": "" + }, + { + "title": "PalmApple", + "url": "http://palmapple.sourceforge.net/", + "platform": "Other platform", + "text": "PalmApple is an open source Apple //e emulator for PalmOS PDAs" + }, + { + "title": "Virtual Apple", + "url": "http://www.virtualapple.com/", + "platform": "Other platform", + "text": "This web site uses an ActiveX application and Apple IIgs emulator to automatically download and play most Apple 2 disk images online!" + }, + { + "title": "Dapple", + "url": "http://sourceforge.net/projects/dapple/", + "platform": "Multiplatform", + "text": "Apple II (II+, IIe) emulator for DOS and Unix with C source code" + } + ], + "links": [ + { + "title": "A2-Web!", + "url": "http://www.wbwip.com/a2web/", + "text": "" + }, + { + "title": "Apple ][ Emulator Resources Guide", + "url": "http://www.cs.ruu.nl/wais/html/na-dir/apple2/emulators-faq/part1.html", + "text": "" + }, + { + "title": "Apple II - Apple II gs", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/home.htm", + "text": "A lot of documentations here !" + }, + { + "title": "Apple II History", + "url": "http://apple2history.org/", + "text": "A detailed history of the Apple II computer, from start to finish, interspersed with history of Apple Computer, Inc., from the point of view of the Apple II user. Includes pictures." + }, + { + "title": "Apple II Q&A", + "url": "HTTP://WWW.MYSPACE.COM/135780133", + "text": "Please Ask the Expeirenced Apple II User!" + }, + { + "title": "Apple2.org", + "url": "http://www.apple2.org/", + "text": "Over 1000 pictures of Apple II and other related hardware, articles, the Apple ][ FAQ, Transwarp and Zip GS accelerator upgrade mods, 3.5\" drive rebuilding, and lots more." + }, + { + "title": "Applefritter", + "url": "http://www.applefritter.com/", + "text": "Excellent site about all Apple models,clones,prototypes,etc... A must see !" + }, + { + "title": "APPLE-HISTORY.COM", + "url": "http://www.apple-history.com/", + "text": "Wonderful site with plenty of information !" + }, + { + "title": "Caltech Apple II archive", + "url": "http://apple2.tffenterprises.com/apple2/", + "text": "" + }, + { + "title": "Forever 1970..80..90", + "url": "http://perso.wanadoo.fr/fabrice.montupet/", + "text": "Very complete information for each model" + }, + { + "title": "Iowa universiry Apple II archive", + "url": "http://ground.icaen.uiowa.edu/apple2/", + "text": "" + }, + { + "title": "www.apple2clones.com", + "url": "http://www.apple2clones.com/", + "text": "The URL says it all. Very interesting site" + }, + { + "title": "Web Wiz CAPTCHA", + "url": "http://www.webwizcaptcha.com", + "text": "All about Apple II user groups" + } + ], + "docs": [ + { + "title": "APPLE II REFERENCE MANUAL (JANUARY 1978)", + "url": null, + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple88_reference-manual-jan-1978_cover.jpg", + "text": "APPLE II REFERENCE MANUAL (JANUARY 1978)
written by Apple

 type of document : PDF
 size : 6 MB
 source : www.apple-iigs.info

... READ THE ONLINE VERSION BY CLICKING BELOW :" + }, + { + "title": "APPLE II - REFERENCE MANUAL", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/docii.htm", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple-2_reference-manual.jpg", + "text": "APPLE II - REFERENCE MANUAL
written by Apple

 compiled/archived by Arnaud Brossard
 type of document : PDF
 source : Apple II / Apple IIgs website" + }, + { + "title": "GUIDE DE L'APPLE - TOME 1 - L'APPLE STANDARD", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/docii.htm", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple_guide-de-l-apple.jpg", + "text": "GUIDE DE L'APPLE - TOME 1 - L'APPLE STANDARD
written by Benoit de Merly / Edimicro

 compiled/archived by Arnaud Brossard
 type of document : PDF
 source : Apple II / Apple IIgs website" + }, + { + "title": "MANUEL DE L'UTILISATEUR APPLE II", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/docii.htm", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple_manuel-utilisateur-de-l-apple-2.jpg", + "text": "MANUEL DE L'UTILISATEUR APPLE II
written by Lon Poole - Martin McNiff - Steven Cook

 compiled/archived by Arnaud Brossard
 type of document : PDF
 source : Apple II / Apple IIgs website" + }, + { + "title": "MONITOR II USER'S MANUAL", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/docprog.htm", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple2_monitor-ii-user-manual.jpg", + "text": "MONITOR II USER'S MANUAL
written by Apple

 compiled/archived by Arnaud Brossard
 type of document : PDF
 source : Apple II / Apple IIgs website" + }, + { + "title": "A TOUCH OF APPLESOFT BASIC", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/docprog.htm", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple2_a-touch-of-applesoft-basic.jpg", + "text": "A TOUCH OF APPLESOFT BASIC
written by Apple

 compiled/archived by Arnaud Brossard
 type of document : PDF
 source : Apple II / Apple IIgs website" + }, + { + "title": "LE MANUEL DOS 3.3 (FRENCH)", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/docos.htm", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple2_manuel-dos-3-3.jpg", + "text": "LE MANUEL DOS 3.3 (FRENCH)
written by Apple

 compiled/archived by Arnaud Brossard
 type of document : PDF
 source : Apple II / Apple IIgs website" + }, + { + "title": "BENEATH APPLE DOS", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/docos.htm", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple2_beneath-apple-dos.jpg", + "text": "BENEATH APPLE DOS
written by Don Worth & Pieter Lechner

 compiled/archived by Arnaud Brossard
 type of document : PDF
 source : Apple II / Apple IIgs website" + }, + { + "title": "BENEATH APPLE PRO DOS", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/docos.htm", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple2_beneath-apple-prodos.jpg", + "text": "BENEATH APPLE PRO DOS
written by Don Worth & Pieter Lechner

 compiled/archived by Arnaud Brossard
 type of document : PDF
 source : Apple II / Apple IIgs website" + }, + { + "title": "PRODOS USER'S MANUAL", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/docos.htm", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple2_prodos-user-manual.jpg", + "text": "PRODOS USER'S MANUAL
written by Apple

 compiled/archived by Arnaud Brossard
 type of document : PDF
 source : Apple II / Apple IIgs website" + }, + { + "title": "PRODOS SUPPLEMENT TO THE APPLE IIE OWNER'S MANUAL", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/docos.htm", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple2_prodos-supplement.jpg", + "text": "PRODOS SUPPLEMENT TO THE APPLE IIE OWNER'S MANUAL
written by Apple

 compiled/archived by Arnaud Brossard
 type of document : PDF
 source : Apple II / Apple IIgs website" + }, + { + "title": "APPLE 5.25 DRIVE - OWNER'S GUIDE", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/docacc.htm", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple2_5-25-disk-drive_owners-manual.jpg", + "text": "APPLE 5.25 DRIVE - OWNER'S GUIDE
written by Apple

 compiled/archived by Arnaud Brossard
 type of document : PDF
 source : Apple II / Apple IIgs website" + }, + { + "title": "APPLE 3.5 DRIVE - OWNER'S GUIDE", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/docacc.htm", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple2_3-5-disk-drive_owners-manual.jpg", + "text": "APPLE 3.5 DRIVE - OWNER'S GUIDE
written by Apple

 compiled/archived by Arnaud Brossard
 type of document : PDF
 source : Apple II / Apple IIgs website" + }, + { + "title": "APPLE 3.5 DRIVE CONTROLLER CARD - OWNER'S GUIDE", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/docacc.htm", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple2_controller-card.jpg", + "text": "APPLE 3.5 DRIVE CONTROLLER CARD - OWNER'S GUIDE
written by Apple

 compiled/archived by Arnaud Brossard
 type of document : PDF
 source : Apple II / Apple IIgs website" + }, + { + "title": "APPLE II SUPER SERIAL CARD - INSTALLATION AND OPERATING MANUAL", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/docacc.htm", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple2_super-serial-card.jpg", + "text": "APPLE II SUPER SERIAL CARD - INSTALLATION AND OPERATING MANUAL
written by Apple

 compiled/archived by Arnaud Brossard
 type of document : PDF
 source : Apple II / Apple IIgs website" + }, + { + "title": "APPLE II PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE CARD - INSTALLATION AND OPERATING MANUAL", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/docacc.htm", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple2_parallel-printer-interface.jpg", + "text": "APPLE II PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE CARD - INSTALLATION AND OPERATING MANUAL
written by Apple

 compiled/archived by Arnaud Brossard
 type of document : PDF
 source : Apple II / Apple IIgs website" + }, + { + "title": "APPLE II 80-COLUMN TEXT CARD MANUAL", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/docacc.htm", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple2_80c-text-card.jpg", + "text": "APPLE II 80-COLUMN TEXT CARD MANUAL
written by Apple

 compiled/archived by Arnaud Brossard
 type of document : PDF
 source : Apple II / Apple IIgs website" + }, + { + "title": "APPLE II 80-COLUMN TEXT CARD MANUAL SUPPLEMENT", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/docacc.htm", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple2_80c-text-card_supplement.jpg", + "text": "APPLE II 80-COLUMN TEXT CARD MANUAL SUPPLEMENT
written by Apple

 compiled/archived by Arnaud Brossard
 type of document : PDF
 source : Apple II / Apple IIgs website" + }, + { + "title": "Z80 PLUS CARD - USER MANUAL", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/docacc.htm", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple2_z80-plus.jpg", + "text": "Z80 PLUS CARD - USER MANUAL
written by Applied Engineering

 compiled/archived by Arnaud Brossard
 type of document : PDF
 source : Apple II / Apple IIgs website" + }, + { + "title": "APPLE JOYSTICK IIE AND IIC - USER'S INSTRUCTIONS", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/docacc.htm", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple2_joystick_users_manual.jpg", + "text": "APPLE JOYSTICK IIE AND IIC - USER'S INSTRUCTIONS
written by Apple

 compiled/archived by Arnaud Brossard
 type of document : PDF
 source : Apple II / Apple IIgs website" + }, + { + "title": "APPLE II - APPLECOLOR RGB MONITOR OWNER'S GUIDE", + "url": "http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/docacc.htm", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/apple2_rgb-monitor.jpg", + "text": "APPLE II - APPLECOLOR RGB MONITOR OWNER'S GUIDE
written by Apple

 compiled/archived by Arnaud Brossard
 type of document : PDF
 source : Apple II / Apple IIgs website" + } + ], + "videos": [ + { + "title": "Apple II videoclip", + "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_SoWRCy21pY", + "text": "Length: 3 min 03 s" + } + ], + "comments": [ + { + "author": "Jay (Washington State USA)", + "date": "Tuesday 22nd September 2020", + "text": "I am looking for one of these at a cheap price, I will pay up to 100$ including shipping if I have to pay for it
Email is jaya.buckwheat@gmail.com" + }, + { + "author": "James Doocey (Ireland)", + "date": "Monday 20th April 2020", + "text": "I did see an original 1977 Apple II computer at a museum running integer basic and I must admit integer basic whilst limited is a good programming language for the time" + }, + { + "author": "James Doocey (Ireland)", + "date": "Monday 20th April 2020", + "text": "I did see an original 1977 Apple II computer at a museum running integer basic and I must admit integer basic whilst limited is a good programming language for the time" + }, + { + "author": "James Doocey (Ireland)", + "date": "Monday 20th April 2020", + "text": "I did see an original 1977 Apple II computer at a museum running integer basic and I must admit integer basic whilst limited is a good programming language for the time" + }, + { + "author": "Régis Schmidt (France)", + "date": "Saturday 20th August 2016", + "text": "At the end of the 80''s, I designed a device called \"TAO\" with a 6502 assembler" + }, + { + "author": "infinite100", + "date": "Friday 15th August 2014", + "text": "Wozniak used the last bit in the video processor register to enable colour. Normally you would have needed at least 16kb to get four colours, the Apple would do it with just 4kb.

Unfortuneately, this meant that everything was based on multiples of 7 rather than 8, making it an absolute pig to program and very difficult to connect to the internet." + }, + { + "author": "Nate (Ohio, US)", + "date": "Monday 6th February 2012", + "text": "My Chemistry teacher STILL uses it to simulate the effects of acids and bases." + }, + { + "author": "Ted (Canada)", + "date": "Friday 19th August 2011", + "text": "My neighbor authored a sound program for this machine that played \"Oh Canada\" with amazing clarity! I played it in class in high school ( 1980), and my teacher and class were in awe. Somewhere along the way, my Apple II+ failed, ruined the program and prevented me from getting a printout. My neighbor sold his machine over 20 years ago." + }, + { + "author": "jayessell (USA)", + "date": "Friday 31st December 2010", + "text": "I had s/n000105.
1977.
I did computer animation in 1980s!
See my YouTube and Flickr vids $ pics.
Same user name: jsl151850b
Also... In my Flickr pics.... The simulated leather Apple $$ bag!
Yes... The Apple $$ was a LUGGABLE pc!" + }, + { + "author": "wally (Ohio, US)", + "date": "Wednesday 8th September 2010", + "text": "When I was in high school, I had my dad for chemistry. He used to use the Apple II in conjunction with his spectrometer for his Chemistry II classes that he taught." + }, + { + "author": "Erik (Australia)", + "date": "Saturday 24th April 2010", + "text": "The high school I go to had one of these when I was in 8th grade, until the motherboard went bad, and I was given it for free. Basically, I took it for parts. Also, the Apple II didn''t have a floppy disk drive until 1977, and before that was the 10 or 20 minute loading times off cassette tape. It was a nightmare because the tapes wouldn''t load when the volume and tone controls weren''t set right. It took 10 or 20 times for it to work properly. With the floppy disk, all of that went away, and loading times went down to 20-30 seconds." + }, + { + "author": "PoopskinTheLiar (Onett)", + "date": "Friday 9th January 2009", + "text": "You seem to be forgetting the Apple-1, Link." + }, + { + "author": "Henry (USA)", + "date": "Thursday 7th December 2006", + "text": "Hey I have a MySpace Check it out!" + }, + { + "author": "Link (Hyrule)", + "date": "Friday 8th April 2005", + "text": "The First PC. The 'microcomputers' that came before it had toggle switches and blinking lights instead of keyboards; the PET and TRS-80 that were its contemporaries were neither as expandable, nor as successful." + } + ], + "oc_id": 68, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230605123814/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=68", + "date": "2023-06-05" + } + } +} + +

Apple II was the successor to the Apple 1 on which it was largely based. It was the very first commercial success of the Apple Computer Company.

Because Steve Wozniak wanted to demonstrate his Breakout game with the new Apple II, he decided to add colour, sound and minimum paddle support to the Apple 1's heir.

The Apple II came with 4 KB RAM, but it was possible to add 4 KB or 16 KB RAM chips. Thus, the system could have memory in the following sizes: 4K, 8K, 12K,16K, 20K, 24K, 32K, 36K, or a full 48K. This was one of the strong points of the Apple II: from the beginning, it was designed with expansion in mind. The 8 expansion slots were further proof of that - users could expand their system easily, just by plugging cards into the slots.

The ROM included the monitor, a 6502 disassembler, 'Sweet 16' a 16-bit CPU emulator and the Integer Basic written by Wozniak in machine language, assembled by hand on paper! Not having to load a language from tape or disk to start programing was also a significant advantage over competitors. Even the innovative plastic case proved to be an important feature to attract customers.

Just a few months after the Apple II presentation at the First West Coast Computer Fair in April 1977, Apple received about three hundred orders for the Apple II, over a hundred more than the total number of Apple-1's sold.

The Apple II was followed in 1979 by the Apple II+, which brought some enhancements.

diff --git a/content/museum/commodore-c64.html b/content/museum/commodore-c64.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b2459ccc --- /dev/null +++ b/content/museum/commodore-c64.html @@ -0,0 +1,1670 @@ +{ + "title": "Commodore C64", + "categories": [ + "Computers" + ], + "types": [ + "Home Computer" + ], + "origins": [ + "U.S.A." + ], + "years": [ + "1982" + ], + "cpus": [ + "6510" + ], + "params": { + "name": "C64", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/commodore_c64_hr_2s.jpg", + "logo": "/media/museum/logos/commodore_c64_logo.gif", + "company": "/companies/commodore", + "company_name": "Commodore", + "specs": [ + [ + "NAME", + "C64" + ], + [ + "MANUFACTURER", + "Commodore" + ], + [ + "TYPE", + "Home Computer" + ], + [ + "ORIGIN", + "U.S.A." + ], + [ + "YEAR", + "1982" + ], + [ + "END OF PRODUCTION", + "1993" + ], + [ + "BUILT IN LANGUAGE", + "Basic" + ], + [ + "KEYBOARD", + "Full-stroke 66 keys with 4 function keys" + ], + [ + "CPU", + "6510" + ], + [ + "SPEED", + "0.985 MHz (PAL) / 1.023 MHz (NTSC)" + ], + [ + "CO-PROCESSOR", + "VIC II (Video), SID (Sound)" + ], + [ + "RAM", + "64 KB" + ], + [ + "ROM", + "20 KB" + ], + [ + "TEXT MODES", + "40 columns x 25 lines" + ], + [ + "GRAPHIC MODES", + "several, most used : 320 x 200" + ], + [ + "COLORS", + "16 + 16 border colours" + ], + [ + "SOUND", + "3 voices / 9 octaves, 4 waveforms (sound output through TV)" + ], + [ + "SIZE / WEIGHT", + "40.4 (W) x 21.6 (D) x 7.5 (H) cm / 1820 g" + ], + [ + "I/O PORTS", + "video output (composite, chroma/luma and sound in/out), 2 x Joystick plugs, Cardridge slot, Tape interfarce (300 bps), Serial, User Port, TV RF output" + ], + [ + "BUILT IN MEDIA", + "Cassette unit. Provision for 170 KB 5.25'' floppy disc unit (1541)" + ], + [ + "POWER SUPPLY", + "External power supply unit" + ], + [ + "PRICE", + "$595 (USA, 1982) - £229 (U.K. 1984)" + ] + ], + "tabs": [ + "photos", + "adverts", + "hardware", + "connectors", + "software", + "emulators", + "links", + "docs", + "videos", + "comments" + ], + "photos": [ + { + "title": "COMMODORE 64", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/commodore_c64_hr_2.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "FRONT", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/commodore_c64_hr_front.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "RIGHT SIDE", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/commodore_c64_hr_right-side.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "LEFT SIDE", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/commodore_c64_hr_left-side.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "REAR", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/commodore_c64_hr_rear.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "DETAIL", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/commodore_c64_hr_detail1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "DETAIL #2", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/commodore_c64_hr_detail2.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "KEYBOARD", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/commodore_c64_hr_keyboard.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "FRONT", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/commodore_c64_hr_front_2.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "COMMODORE 64 - GREY CASE", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/commodore_64_system_s2.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "TOP VIEW", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/commodore_64_topview_s1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "KEYBOARD CLOSE-UP", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/commodore_64_keybcloseup_s1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "BOTH SIDES", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/commodore_64_sides_s1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "REAR CONNECTORS", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "From left to right:
• Programmable Expansion port / cartridge slot
• TV channel adjustment
• RF/TV aerial video output
• Audio-Video RGB output
• Programmable Serial DIN socket
• Tape recorder connector
• Programmable IEEE488 user port.", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/commodore_64_rearside_s1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "C64 MOTHERBOARD", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "(1) IEEE488 standard interface connector. Up to 14 peripherals using this protocol can be connected in chain
(2) Commodore BASIC interpreter 8 KB ROM
(3) Kernel operating system 8 KB ROM
(4) Character generator 4 KB ROM
(5) Commodore specific tape recorder connector
(6) MOS 6510 microprocessor
(7) MOS 6581, also called SID (Sound Interface Device), provides the great sound quality of the C64.
(8) Serial port DIN socket
(9) MOS custom PLA - Programmable Logic Array chip
(10) RGB video and audio outputs DIN socket
(11) RF/TV modulator
(12) These leads allowed an internal add-on SECAM video card to be connected to the main board in the French version
(13) Cartridge/expansion slot cover
(14) Power switch
(15) External power adaptor DIN socket
(16) Joystick DB9 connectors
(17) +5V and +12V power regulators
(18) System clock's quartz - 17.734 MHz
(19) MOS 6569 PAL video controller. NTSC models used a 6567 version
(20) 2114 RAM chip (1K x 4) used to store color information
(21) 64 KB user RAM chips (8 x 4164)
(22) Second CIA - Complex Interface Adaptor, used to manage serial communications with peripherals
(23) Keyboard connector
(24) First CIA.", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/commodore64_mainboard_s2.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "TRANSPARENCY", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/commodore64_mainboard_s1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "EVOLUTION OF THE C64 CASE", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "C64-1 (top left), C64-2 (top right) and C64-3 (bottom center).

We can't remember where we've found this picture.
If you're the owner, please email us !)

", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/3c64.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "GOLDEN C64", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "The following information comes from Death Adder :

Until December 1986, 1,000,000 Commodore 64s were sold in Germany. On this occasion, Commodore Buromaschinen GmbH (Commodore's German subsidiary) released a limited edition of a golden C64, serial numbers 1,000,000 to 1,000,199 [6], which was presented to the public in the BMW museum in Germany Commodore had rented for this event. One of these machines was donated to the German magazine \"64'er\" (serial number 1,000,058).

In the middle of the acrylic plate on which it was mounted, you could read:

GOLDENE EDITION
aus Anlass des 1.000.000sten
C 64 in Deutschland
5. Dezember 1986

Which translates into:

GOLDEN EDITION
on the occasion of the 1,000,000th
C 64 in Germany
5th of December, 1986", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/commodore_c64_gold_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "MEMORY CONFIGURATION", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "The C64 offers 64 KB of linear memory. This memory is divided in 6 blocks. 3 of them are intended for the RAM area, and the 3 others for the ROM area, holding the Basic interpreter, the operating system and the input/output routines.

However the C-64 microprocessor has a block switching function which makes it possible to replace instantly a given memory block by another (RAM or ROM). There are thus 3 hidden RAM memory blocks (in blue) which can replace, on request, the corresponding ROM blocks. But these block commutations can only be controlled through assembly language by advanced programmers. Any block switching error results in an immediate and unrecoverable system crash.

(1) Block always containing 32 kb RAM.
(2) Block normally containing 8 kb RAM. If an 8 kb ROM cartridge is connected, its content is transferred here.
(3) Block normally containing 8 kb RAM. If a 16 kb ROM cartridge is connected, its content is transferred in blocks (RAM) 2 and 3.
(4) Block always containing 4 kb RAM.
(5) Block normally containing 4 kb RAM for Inputs/Outputs. Can be replaced by the character generator which then can be modified.
(6) Block normally containing the Kernel operating system. Can be replaced by 8 kb RAM.", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/commodore_64_memoryconfig_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "BOX", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/commodore_c64_box_1.jpg" + } + ], + "adverts": [ + { + "title": "U.S. ADVERT (1982)", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "One of the first 1982 U.S. Advert.

Advert said

THE COMMODORE 64 COULD BE THE MICROCOMPUTER INDUSTRY'S OUTSTANDING NEW PRODUCT INTRODUCTION SINCE THE BIRTH OF THIS INDUSTRY. (Shearson / American Express)

The value of a computer is determined by what it can do. What it can do is largely determined by its memory.
The Commodore 64's basic RAM is 64K. This amount of power is unusual in a micro at any price.
At $595 it is astonishing.
Compared with an Apple II+, for instance, the Commodore 64 offers 33% more power and considerably les than 50% of the cost.
Compared with anything else, it's even more impressive...

If you've been waiting for the \"computer revolution\", consider it as having arrived...", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/commodore_64_advert_3.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "U.S. ADVERT (1982) #2", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/commodore_64_advert_4.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "ADVERT", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "

Picture courtesy of Steve Browning, www.sbrowning.com/vintage.

", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/commodore_c64_ad_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "UK ADVERT (1984)", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "

Thanks to Tony Mattson for this picture

", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/commodore-64_uk-advert_2.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "UK ADVERT, OCT 1983", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "The first sentence of this advert is:
The new Commodore 64 is the most powerful personal computer available to the businessman.
Which wasn't totally true, even totally false.

The picture is also totally unrealistic. Each detail sounds false.
The C64 never was a business system, but a perfect home computer.", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/commodore_64_advert_s5.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "SWEDISH ADVERT", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/stupid_sweden-commodore.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "NEW ZEALAND ADVERT", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "dated February 1984 from Bits & Bytes magazine", + "image": null + }, + { + "title": "GERMAN ADVERT", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "

Thanks to Christian Hart for this scan

", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/commodore_c64_vc20_ad-de_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "GERMAN ADVERT #2", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "

Thanks to Christian Hart for this scan

", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/commodore_c64_ad-de_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "GERMAN ADVERT #3", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "

Thanks to Christian Hart for this scan

", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/commodore_c64_ad-de_2.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "ITALIAN AD", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/commodore_64_aditaly_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "ABCDARY ADVERT #1", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "from PCW UK magazine (November 1984)", + "image": null + }, + { + "title": "ABCDARY ADVERT #2", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "from PCW UK magazine (November 1984)", + "image": null + }, + { + "title": "ABCDARY ADVERT #3", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "from PCW UK magazine (November 1984)", + "image": null + }, + { + "title": "1983 BADGES", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/commodore__64_badges_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "FRENCH PRICE LIST", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "This is a part of a complete French price list of the C64 and VIC-20, including peripherals, accessories and software.
You can download the complete version.

Thanks to Jacques Sorro

", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/commodore_64_frpricelist_s1.jpg" + } + ], + "hardware": [ + { + "title": "1530 C2N", + "subtitle": "Tape-recorder", + "text": "The classic Commodore tape-recorder !", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_c64_tape-recorder-1530-c2n_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "TURBOMASTER CPU", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "The TurboMaster completely replaced the c=64 processor chip, resulting in high speed operations and games. It was also a disk accelerator.", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_64_turbomaster_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "CMD SUPERCPU", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "The SuperCPU by Creative Micro Devices is an accelerator cartridge for the Commodore 64. It contains an W65C816S processor running at 20 MHz, providing 20 times the performance of the stock 6510 processor! CMD later added a SuperRAM Card option that could include up to 16 MB of additional memory. There is also a v2 version that offers native 128 mode support (also called SuperCPU/128). It is one of the most sought-after Commodore peripherals.

Thomas Conté

", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/c64_supercpu.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "CMD RAMLINK", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "This RAM expansion unit by Creative Micro Devices was intended to be used as a RAM drive to accelerate disk access. It is externally powered, and thus will preserve the data even when the computer is turned off.

Thomas Conté

", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/c64_cmd_ramlink.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "FLOPPY DISK UNIT 1540-1541", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "It is connected to the C64 via a serial link.
It is very very slow and can store 170 kb per disk.", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore-diskdrive_1540_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "QUICK DATA DRIVE", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "Cheaper and faster than diskettes.

This Quick Data Drive from Dean Electronics is dedicated to Commodore 64 and <$252$>Vic 20 systems. It uses a special tape called 'Wafer', of 16, 64 or 128 Kb capacity. This wafer was also used by a product marketed for the <$223$>Sinclair Spectrum, called Wafadrive. Various tests proved that the Q.D.D. was approximately 20 times faster than a normal cassette recorder and 2 or 3 times faster than the Commodore 1541 disk drive. The reason : data transfer routines (called QOS) much more efficient than those of Commodore, and a file management operating system (FMU) much more modern and powerful.

The Q.D.D. is however not more than an advanced tape recorder using a magnetic tape, and the delay to access a specific file still remains higher than with a normal disk drive. Despite its qualities, the Q.D.D. did not meet success because most C64 software was sold on disks or tapes and users had to acquire both Commodore peripherals before investing in a third powerful storage system.", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_64_quick_data_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "CMD HD-20", + "subtitle": "20Mb hard-drive", + "text": "This is a hard drive for the C64 or 128. SWAP-Devicenumber-Buttons let the HD become drive 8 or 9. It can create sub-directories and partitions, including 1541 emulation.", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_c64_cmd-hd20_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "KOALA PAD TOUCH TABLET", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "The Koala Pad graphic tablet was delivered with Koala Painter software. It was then very easy to create complex drawings in a few minutes while holding the Koala Pad in the hand.", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore64_koalapad_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "1764 RAM EXTENSION", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "This 1764 (256kb) ram extension was upgraded to a 1750 (512kb) by Software Support International. It could be used on either a C64 (with a heavier power supply) or C128 and was mainly used as an advanced RAM drive.", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_64_1764ramexp_s1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "MAGIC MOUSE", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "It is called Magic Mouse, it is manufactured in the U.S.A. by SMC Supplies Co. and it seems that it is the first mouse for C-64. Why a mouse ? Initially to answer the increasing competition of the young <$271$>Apple Macintosh and its Window-Mouse concept which starts to meet with great success. But, a mouse without adapted software is useless. SMC thus added 4 programs in the box, usable only with Magic Mouse : Hi-Res Designer, Sprite Designer, Icon Designer and Mouse Controller. In fact, these four applications were not very useful and few other programs were then conceived for this mouse, so it quickly disappeared.", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_64_mouse_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "APROTEK APROSPAND 64 CARTRIDGE EXPANDER", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "This is used as an expansion port expander. It enables for example to plug-in 4 cartridges and select the one you want to use. Can also be used with a C128.", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/aprotek-aprospand-64_cartridge-expander.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "SPARTAN", + "subtitle": "Apple II emulator", + "text": "The Spartan was advertised as offering 100% Apple II+ emulation and other features, all for the low price of US $599. It actually turned out to be a package to transfer and re-compile BASIC programs on the C64.", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_64_adspartan_s1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "THE FINAL CARTRIDGE III", + "subtitle": "by Riska B.V.", + "text": "The Final Cartridge III was a popular extension cartridge which was created for the Commodore 64 and Commodore 128, produced by Riska B.V. Home & Personal Computers. It offered a fast loader, increasing the speeds of the disk drive, and a freezer, allowing the program execution to be stopped to be resumed later. More info here", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/final-cartridge-iii_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "POWER CARTRIDGE", + "subtitle": "from KCS", + "text": "This cartridge offers:
- Power toolkit
- Power monitor
- Tape & Disk turbo
- Printer tool
- Power reset
- Total backup

...for your Commodore 64 or 128", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/power-cartridge-c64_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "POWER CARTRIDGE", + "subtitle": "rear", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/power-cartridge-c64_2.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "VICMODEM", + "subtitle": "Advert", + "text": "You could already send emails !!", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_vicmodem_ad_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "MODEM 300", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "There were two versions of this 300-baud modem:
1650: with pulse dialer
1660: with Pulse and tone dialer
It plugged directly into the User port.", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_64_modem300_s1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "MODEM 1200 (MODEL 1670)", + "subtitle": "from Commodore", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_modem1200_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "MODEM 1200 (MODEL 1670)", + "subtitle": "rear", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_modem1200_rear_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "MODEM 1200 (MODEL 1670)", + "subtitle": "Box", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_modem1200_box.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "MODEM 1200 (MODEL 1670)", + "subtitle": "Box - rear", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_modem1200_box-rear.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "PASSPORT", + "subtitle": "MIDI interface", + "text": "The Passport Designs MIDI Interface is one of three different Midi Interface units that were made for the Commodore. It's said that the Passport was the Best design and was the most Software-supported model available.", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_64_passport-midi-interface_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "MUSIC MAKER", + "subtitle": "Promotional picture", + "text": "Music Maker was a powerful music editor using all the C64 internal sound generator features. Software was delivered with a special 2 octaves piano keyboard which fitted on top of the computer.", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_c64_musicmaker_promo.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "VOCAL SYNTHESIZER", + "subtitle": "from Technimusique (France)", + "text": "

Thanks to Stamba for this picture

", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_c64_synthe-vocal.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "WERSIBOARD MUSIC 64", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "

Thomas Conté

", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/c64_wersiboard.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "MODEL 64 SEQUENCER", + "subtitle": "from Sequential Circuits Inc", + "text": "This synthesizer fits in the cartridge slot of the C64. It has a MIDI interface with 2 plugs (IN & OUT). It can record 5 different sequences of 6 tracks each, with a total capacity of 4000 notes. But it doesn't have a \"step by step\" record mode.

This thing cost 2260 fr in december 84 (France).", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/sequential-circuits_64-sequencer_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "MODEL 64 SEQUENCER", + "subtitle": "detail", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/sequential-circuits_64-sequencer_2.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "MUSICAL KEYBOARD", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "This is a funny extension that fits on top of the C64 keyboard, thus emulating a piano keyboard. Of course, a music program is sold with it.", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_c64_musical-keyboard.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "SOUND SAMPLER", + "subtitle": "from Commodore & SFX Computer Software", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_c64_sound-sampler_box_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "SOUND SAMPLER", + "subtitle": "Back of the box", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_c64_sound-sampler_box_2.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "SOUND EXPANDER", + "subtitle": "from Commodore", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_sound-expander_hr_front_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "SOUND EXPANDER", + "subtitle": "left view", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_sound-expander_hr_left_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "SOUND EXPANDER", + "subtitle": "right view", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_sound-expander_hr_right_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "SOUND EXPANDER", + "subtitle": "Box - front", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_sound-expander_hr_box_front.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "SOUND EXPANDER", + "subtitle": "Box - rear", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_sound-expander_hr_box_rear.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "MAGIC VOICE", + "subtitle": "from Commodore", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_magic-voice_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "MAGIC VOICE", + "subtitle": "left view", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_magic-voice_left_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "MAGIC VOICE", + "subtitle": "right view", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_magic-voice_right.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "DIGIDRUM FROM DCS", + "subtitle": "Professional Digital Drum Computer", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/dcs_digidrum-c64_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "DIGIDRUM", + "subtitle": "Rear", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/dcs_digidrum-c64_2.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "DIGIDRUM", + "subtitle": "Box", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/dcs_digidrum-c64_box.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "CURRAH SPEECH 64", + "subtitle": "Speech synthesizer", + "text": "When plugged into the expansion slot and audio/video DIN socket of a Commodore 64, new BASIC commands are added, allowing the user to produce computerised speech with all sorts of variations.", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/currah-speech-64_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "MODEL 1525", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "It can print all the semi graphic characters of the C64. (30 characters per second)", + "image": "/media/museum/hardware/commodore_printer_1525_1.jpg" + } + ], + "connectors": [ + { + "title": "CONNECTORS EXPLAINED", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "(1) The expansion port is a 44 pins flat connector which allows direct access to address and data lines. It is used by ROM cartridges, parallel and IEEE interfaces and can be connected to any cards holding ROM or EPROM programs.

b>(1) GND (2) + 5V (3) + 5V (4) IRQ (Interruption Request) (5) R/W Read/Write validation (6) Dot Clock (7) I/O 1 (8) GAME (9) XROM (10) I/O 2 (11) ROML (12) BA (13) DMA (Direct Memory Access) (14) D7 (Data lines) (15) D6 (16) D5 (17) D4 (18) D3 (19) D2 (20) D1 (21) D0 (22) GND

(A) GND (B) ROMH (C) RESET (D) Non maskable interruption (E) S02 (F) A15 (address lines) (H) A14 (J) A13 (K) A12 (L) A11 (M) A10 (N) A9 (P) A8 (R) A7 (S) A6 (T) A5 (U) A4 (V) A3 (W) A2 (X) A1 (Y) A0 (Z) GND

(2) The user port is a 24 pins flat connector. It can be programmed and used for parallel or serial communications. It can also communicate with all kind of external periperals or even another computer.

(1) GND (2) + 5V (3) INIT (4) CNT1 (CIA1 counter) (5) R/W (Read/Write Validation) (6) CNT2 (CIA2 counter) (7) SP2 CIA2 serial port (8) PC2 (communication start) (9) ATN (10) +9V ac (11) -9V ac (12) GND

(3) The serial port is a 6 pins DIN connector which can be used with Commodore serial printers and 1541 disk drive unit. The OPEN Basic statement always calls this port. Some PET peripherals can also be connected to this port, ie. 4040 disk drive unit.

(1) SRQIN (Requested Service) (2) GND (3) ATN (Attention signal to connected peripherals) (4) CLK (Synchronization clock) (5) DATA (Data transfer line) (6) RESET (Port Init)", + "image": "/media/museum/connectors/commodore_c64_connectorsexplained.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "POWER SUPPLY PINOUTS", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "1 - shield ground
2 - shield ground
3 - shield ground
4 - +5V DC In @ 1.5A
5 - not connected
6 - 9V AC in @ 1A
7 - 9V AC in @ 1A

9 volts needed for VIC, SID, VIA's clock & tape motor.", + "image": "/media/museum/connectors/commodore_c64_psu-pinout.gif" + } + ], + "screenshots": [ + { + "title": "720°", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/c64_ss_720degrees.gif" + }, + { + "title": "ARCADE CLASSICS", + "subtitle": "from Firebird", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/c64_ss_arcade_classics_firebird.gif" + }, + { + "title": "ARKANOID", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/c64_ss_arkanoid.gif" + }, + { + "title": "AZTEC CHALLENGE", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/c64_ss_aztec_challenge.gif" + }, + { + "title": "BARBARIAN", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/c64_ss_barbarian.gif" + }, + { + "title": "BC'S QUEST FOR TIRES", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/c64_ss_bc_quest_for_tires.gif" + }, + { + "title": "BMX SIMULATOR", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/c64_ss_bmx_simulator.gif" + }, + { + "title": "BOULDERDASH", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/c64_ss_boulderdash.gif" + }, + { + "title": "BREAK DANCE", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/c64_ss_break_dance.gif" + }, + { + "title": "BRUCE LEE", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/c64_ss_bruce_lee.gif" + }, + { + "title": "GAUNTLET", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/c64_ss_gauntlet_1.gif" + }, + { + "title": "GAUNTLET", + "subtitle": "Characters choice screen", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/c64_ss_gauntlet_2.gif" + }, + { + "title": "GHOSTBUSTERS", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/c64_ss_ghostbusters.gif" + }, + { + "title": "THE GOONIES", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/c64_ss_goonies.gif" + }, + { + "title": "GYROSCOPE", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/c64_ss_gyroscope2.gif" + }, + { + "title": "GREAT GIANA SISTERS", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/c64_ss_sisters.gif" + }, + { + "title": "3D PINBALL", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/c64_ss_3d_pinball.gif" + }, + { + "title": "ALIEN III", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/c64_ss_alien_3.gif" + }, + { + "title": "ARCHON", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/c64_ss_archon.gif" + } + ], + "emulators": [ + { + "title": "CCS64", + "url": "http://www.ccs64.com/", + "platform": "Windows", + "text": "The best C64 emulator for the PC" + }, + { + "title": "Free64", + "url": "http://www.umr.edu/~bmartin/", + "platform": "Windows", + "text": "A Freeware emulator for MS DOS" + }, + { + "title": "MESS", + "url": "http://www.mess.org", + "platform": "Windows", + "text": "This fantastic emulator can emulate the mlost of the 8-bit Commodore systems" + }, + { + "title": "Win 64", + "url": "http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Park/6558/win64.htm", + "platform": "Windows", + "text": "The Best C64 Emulator for Win95 / WinNT" + }, + { + "title": "Win64", + "url": "http://www.geocities.com/siliconvalley/park/6558/win64.htm", + "platform": "Windows", + "text": "Good Commodore 64 for Windows" + }, + { + "title": "Mac Frodo", + "url": "http://internetter.com/titan/macfrodo/", + "platform": "Apple", + "text": "The MAC OS version of Frodo, one of the best C64 Emulator" + }, + { + "title": "Power 64", + "url": "http://www.infinite-loop.at/Power64/index.html", + "platform": "Apple", + "text": "Emulator for PPC Macintoshes" + }, + { + "title": "SID PLay", + "url": "http://stud1.tuwien.ac.at/~e9426444/sidplay/", + "platform": "Apple", + "text": "A player for C64 Musics" + }, + { + "title": "ccs", + "url": "http://www.funet.fi/pub/cbm/crossplatform/emulators/unix/", + "platform": "Unix / Linux", + "text": "C64 emulator for Unix" + }, + { + "title": "Frodo for Amiga OS", + "url": "http://www.uni-mainz.de/~bauec002/FRMain.html", + "platform": "Amiga OS", + "text": "The best C64 Emulator for Amiga" + }, + { + "title": "VICE for Amiga OS4", + "url": "http://amidog.se/amiga/vice/", + "platform": "Amiga OS", + "text": "This AmigaOS4 version is ported by Mathias \"AmiDog\" Roslund" + }, + { + "title": "c64.gr", + "url": "http://www.c64.gr/", + "platform": "Other platform", + "text": "C64 online emulator. Play favorite games in your browser!" + }, + { + "title": "C-ONE", + "url": "http://c64upgra.de/c-one/", + "platform": "Other platform", + "text": "Hardware emulator (re-configurable computer)" + }, + { + "title": "Frodo for PalmOS", + "url": "http://frodopalm.sourceforge.net/", + "platform": "Other platform", + "text": "Frodo for PalmOS" + }, + { + "title": "VICE", + "url": "http://viceteam.bei.t-online.de/", + "platform": "Other platform", + "text": "Emulates the C64, C128, VIC20, all the PET models and the CBM-II under Unix, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, OS/2, Acorn RISC OS or BeOS !!" + }, + { + "title": "Web C64", + "url": "http://www.dreamfabric.com/c64/", + "platform": "Other platform", + "text": "The 64 as a Java applet in your Browser. Excellent !" + }, + { + "title": "C=64 Emulator for OS/2 Full Screen", + "url": "http://home.hccnet.nl/w.m.brul/emulator/index.html", + "platform": "OS2", + "text": "Freeware emulator for OS/2" + } + ], + "links": [ + { + "title": "C64.COM", + "url": "http://www.c64.com/", + "text": "Excellent and beautifully designed site, full of games to download. A must" + }, + { + "title": "c64.gr", + "url": "http://www.c64.gr/", + "text": "C64 online emulator. Play favorite games in your browser!" + }, + { + "title": "c64files.com :: the ultimate C64 portal!", + "url": "http://www.c64files.com/", + "text": "News, Gaming, Music, Museum, Links etc." + }, + { + "title": "Commodore 64 -", + "url": "http://folkvagn.commodore64.org", + "text": "Info about the C64 and successors, C64 emulators and the SID chip. Also contains C64 programs and a forum. In Swedish only." + }, + { + "title": "Commodore 64 Game Endings", + "url": "http://www.c64endings.co.uk/", + "text": "All your fave C64 game endings under one roof." + }, + { + "title": "Commodore 64 Nostalgia", + "url": "http://www.staggs.pair.com/c64/", + "text": "" + }, + { + "title": "Commodore Scene Magazine and Importing Service", + "url": "http://www.commodorescene.org.uk/", + "text": "New publications, hardware and software for the Commodore 128/128d and C64" + }, + { + "title": "Commodore Service Manuals", + "url": "http://www.devili.iki.fi/Computers/Commodore/", + "text": "Commodore Service Manuals & other stuff" + }, + { + "title": "Commodore-64 Programmer's Library", + "url": "http://home.comcast.net/~c64proglib", + "text": "many of Robert Baker's early original magazine articles, programs and programming tips (not free)" + }, + { + "title": "Commodore-related Net Resources", + "url": "http://www.hut.fi/~msmakela/cbm/netresources.html", + "text": "" + }, + { + "title": "Good Old Games", + "url": "http://speccy.altervista.org/", + "text": "Many games with screenshot comparisons, download and magazines" + }, + { + "title": "Greg and David's C64 Web page", + "url": "http://www.ozemail.com.au/~gvincent/", + "text": "" + }, + { + "title": "HV C64 CD's - The ultimate CD set full of software for the C64", + "url": "http://www.talent.demon.co.uk/64/", + "text": "" + }, + { + "title": "LEMON 64", + "url": "http://www.lemon64.com/", + "text": "The source for all Your Commodore 64 Gaming and News needs ! Quite impressive !!!" + }, + { + "title": "Mayhem64", + "url": "http://www.mayhem64.co.uk/main.htm", + "text": "For all your C64 cartridge needs... and more!" + }, + { + "title": "Remixes of music from C-64 games", + "url": "http://remix.kwed.org", + "text": "Hear the tunes from your fav C64 games like you've never heard them before!" + }, + { + "title": "Stadium 64", + "url": "http://s64.emuunlim.com/", + "text": "Are you a sportgaming fan? Then this site is definitely for you! Over 1000 sportgames available for download. Lots of manuals, reviews, covers, adverts, screenshots, hints&tips, world records + a lot more!" + }, + { + "title": "The Commodore 8-bit WWW server", + "url": "http://www.hut.fi/~msmakela/cbm/", + "text": "" + }, + { + "title": "The Secrets Weapons of Commodore", + "url": "http://www.floodgap.com/retrobits/ckb/secret/", + "text": "Awesome website ! Presents all the weird systems imagined by Commodore." + }, + { + "title": "The Star Commander homepage", + "url": "http://sta.c64.org/sc.html", + "text": "" + }, + { + "title": "Web Wiz CAPTCHA", + "url": "http://www.webwizcaptcha.com", + "text": "This is a bulletin board run on a Commodore 64!" + } + ], + "docs": [ + { + "title": "COMMODORE 64 USER MANUAL", + "url": "http://project64.c64.org/hw/c64.html", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/commodore_c64_user_manual.jpg", + "text": "COMMODORE 64 USER MANUAL
written by Commodore Business Machines, Inc.

 compiled/archived by Frank Jeno Kontros
 type of document : TXT
 source : project64.c64.org

... READ THE ONLINE VERSION BY CLICKING BELOW :
" + }, + { + "title": "COMMODORE 64 USER'S GUIDE", + "url": "http://project64.c64.org/hw/c64.html", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/commodore_c64_user_guide.jpg", + "text": "COMMODORE 64 USER'S GUIDE
written by Commodore Business Machines, Inc.

 compiled/archived by Jeno Kontros
 type of document : TXT
 source : Project 64" + }, + { + "title": "COMMODORE 64 SERVICE MANUAL", + "url": "http://www.devili.iki.fi/Computers/Commodore/C64/Service_Manual/front_page.html", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/vide.gif", + "text": "COMMODORE 64 SERVICE MANUAL
written by Commodore Business Machines, Inc.

 compiled/archived by Sami Rautiainen
 type of document : HTML
 source : Sami Rautiainen's website" + }, + { + "title": "COMMODORE 64 PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE GUIDE", + "url": "http://project64.c64.org/hw/c64.html", + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/commodore_c64_programmer_reference_guide.jpg", + "text": "COMMODORE 64 PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE GUIDE
written by Commodore Business Machines, Inc.

 compiled/archived by Sami Rautiainen
 type of document : RTF
 source : Project 64" + } + ], + "videos": [ + { + "title": "Commodore 64 commercial - Price comparison", + "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okHAmAxztNk", + "text": "Length: 31 s" + }, + { + "title": "Commodore 64 commercial - Elephant memory", + "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aa2Wd72tddk", + "text": "Length: 30 s" + }, + { + "title": "Commodore 64 commercial - Elephant on a ring", + "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxn7Foa9kAc", + "text": "Length: 17 s" + }, + { + "title": "Commodore 64 commercial - Elephants", + "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0N2QPm4SWAM", + "text": "Length: 12 s" + }, + { + "title": "Commodore 64 commercial - Elephant & mouse", + "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UO6SqKpabFo", + "text": "Length: 31 s" + }, + { + "title": "Commodore 64 commercial", + "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_YAbZjTBMI", + "text": "Length: 31 s" + }, + { + "title": "Commodore 64 commercial - ask computers", + "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=796KD4SNzwE", + "text": "Length: 31 s" + }, + { + "title": "Commodore 64 commercial - are you keeping up ?", + "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_f3uIzEIxo", + "text": "Length: 31 s" + }, + { + "title": "Commodore 64 commercial", + "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qg8ohNF95Y8", + "text": "Length: 11 s" + }, + { + "title": "Commodore 64 commercial - Atari 800", + "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utLEuyNqVLI", + "text": "Length: 12 s" + }, + { + "title": "Commodore 64 commercial - Apple II", + "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyiUH9NmX0U", + "text": "Length: 12 s" + }, + { + "title": "Commodore 64 commercial - Family package", + "url": "http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=-3448226638968914883&hl=fr", + "text": "Length: 31 s" + }, + { + "title": "Commodore 64 commercial - -50%on software", + "url": "http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=-7436618317238506620&hl=fr", + "text": "Length: 30 s" + }, + { + "title": "Commodore 64 Classics (28 Games)", + "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DhNJ0ifIZJo", + "text": "Length: 4 min 13 s" + }, + { + "title": "C64 assembly line pictures!", + "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vzfJLVS2YI", + "text": "Length: 6 min 56 s" + } + ], + "comments": [ + { + "author": "Ivelisse Colon-Nevarez (San Juan, Puerto Rico)", + "date": "Friday 31st December 2010", + "text": "This was the first ever computer we have at home when we we''re just teens back then. My big brother was the owner. He used it to practice BASIC programming and to do projects for high school and at the University. He collected a huge quantity of games developed for this machine, like Mission Impossible (my favorite), Maniac Mansion and more. These games came in 5.24\" floppy discs.
We no longer own these machine. Years later, my husband downloaded an emulator and now I can play my games like old times." + }, + { + "author": "John (USA)", + "date": "Thursday 20th March 2008", + "text": "Well, I got the C64 after I had the AFP IM-1. I had to suffer over a year with no storage. That was rough. Then my dad bought a 1540 from some guy that said it would work. I didn't know. How utterly frustrating. Finally got a 1541. I have done so much with it. I used it live on stage with the MusicPort keyboard attached, I have used it as a MIDI sequencer, sampler / drum machine (Datel Sampler 64 hardware), database (The Consultant), editor for posters for my band (Tech Sketch lightpen and Wico trackball), & telecommunications. Of course the most important use was prgramming for games. I actually found my old disks of my unfinished project and they're readable. I had reprogrammed the character set and made about 20 animated sprites. Hardware: I later sold the C64 and !%$! when I had acquired an SX-64, which I still have. It doen't boot. Drive light stays on, nothing happens. I have also recently acquired two 1541s, two 1702 monitors, and a 1983 C64 off eBay. Check out the 25th C64 anniversary with Jack Tramiel and Steve Wozniak: http://www.computerhistory.org/events/index.php?id=1193702785" + }, + { + "author": "lodger (Germany)", + "date": "Friday 12th October 2007", + "text": "Well, this was my second computer which I got in1988, after my parents bought a VIC-20 in late 1984.Yes, I have been waiting four years for a C64 to be mine and even in 1988, when Amigas and STs began to sell in large quantities, this machine was still a \"big name\" amongst computer hobbyists here in germany (and possibly around the world).

Today, I have a very, very small collection of old Commodore computers. It's my personal contribution to those machines, since I had such a good time with them. My collections includes an Amiga 1200 (running OS 3.5 and NetBSD 3.1 and connected to my LAN), an Amiga 500 (with an external MIDI interface), a C128D (european version) and two C64s. I even have a \"RetroReplay\" and a \"MMC64\" cartridge for the C64/C128 systems along with the RRNet ethernet adapter, so I can do some simple telnet and very, very limited web browsing (utilizing ContikiOS by Adam Dunkels). Especially the fact that after more than 20 years beyond its initial release there is (amongst other cool hardware add-ons) something like an ethernet adapter available for the good ol' \"breadbin\", makes this machine a real legend!

I know that Speccy, Apple II and BBC users do feel the same towards \"their\" machines, but for me Commodore and most of their systems (execpt, maybe, the infamous C16/116/Plus 4 computers - sorry Mr. Herd) still count as the #1 computer company / computer products of all times.

P.S.: I *still* pitty the end of Commodore and their last yet most advanced computer system: the Amiga - how happy the world would be, if those babies had only won the competition and their marketing department had been less destructive." + }, + { + "author": "Erik Jordan (Earth)", + "date": "Wednesday 3rd October 2007", + "text": "I got my first C-64 from a HAM radio operator, because these units apparently are popular with them. There is allegedly a program out there somewhere which allows the C-64 to interface with a Ham Radio and act as a Morse Code/Text Coder/Decoder. In short, Morse code signals would be translated to text on the screen, and one could reply by typing out text, which would be sent to the HAM Radio as morse code!

I also remember that this was the very first computer I ever programmed on, and I am still quite impressed with its capabilities. From a 3-D Pac-man clone to a game with actual speech in its loading screen, this little unit always amazes me. It also has amazing compatibility with Atari 2600 and 7800 joysticks, and limited compatibility with the Sega Genesis controller.

My current set up for my C-64 consists of a C-64, a shoebox full of software, a Commodore 1702 color monitor (can even be hooked up to any standard A/V source, mono sound), dual VIC 1541 5.25\" floppy drives, an Epyx Fast Load Cartridge, a Modem 64 to swap with the Fast Load, two Atari 2600 joysticks, and a home-brew buffer for the joystick ports made in a standard Radio Shack project box." + }, + { + "author": "Juan Jose Velez (Mexico)", + "date": "Thursday 28th June 2007", + "text": "This model of Commodore computer, as the C16, was also distributed in Mexico by a company called Sigma. They even sponsored a TV show named \"Con-Cursor\" in channel 13 (Imevision in those days) where they used C64 machines with games or educational programs for the players to compete against each other on the TV Show. The prizes were Commodore keychains, shirts, jackets... up to full computer sets. I even had the chance to go to the show to see my brother compete with the basketball One on One game. The players could register and practice in the CENTROS GALILEO Commodore learning centers. Also, Sigma had a monthly printed newsletter called \"Chips and Bits\" with info about the computers, from c16 to Amiga." + }, + { + "author": "Skel (Oakville, Ontario, Canada)", + "date": "Tuesday 17th October 2006", + "text": "The first 1581 disk drives that came off the assmembly line over it's first year of production had a flawed controller chip installed in them. The devices were recalled by Commodore the next year to have a newly programmed chip installed, but many devices were never collected and are still out there to this day.

Years ago.. when the 64 was still a hot number, I purchased a 1581 disk drive from a friend of mine who ran a local BBS but was shutting it down. I was setting one up and needed the advanced space this floppy offered. The disk ran great but has since stopped. All it does now is make a \"blub Blub\" noise but no red light blinks, might this be from that problem? The computer reports that the device is not ready." + }, + { + "author": "Skel (Oakville, Ontario, Canada)", + "date": "Tuesday 17th October 2006", + "text": "Take a close look at the C-64's User Manual for the 1541 disk drive. As was mentioned in the PET profile, the Tapes from the 80xx could be read by the C-64. Likewise, the 1541 disk drive used the Pet 40xx & 80xx disk format system allowing it to read the old PET formatted diskettes BUT NOT WRITE to them. It wasn't just tapes that could be read, but diskettes as well. Indeed, several diskette programming instructions in the Commodore 64 Basic V2 such as the save procedure \"s0:\" and \"Duplicate\" (completely useless on the 1541's single disk system) were hold-overs from as far back as the first PET disk drive systems." + }, + { + "author": "G.Y. (Georgia, USA)", + "date": "Saturday 23rd September 2006", + "text": "I remember those days, I was around 15 when my parents bought the Commodore64, with the 1541 disk drive, C=64 Monitor, Printer. I mostly used it for gaming. Hard to believe after all these years it still works, everything, even the monitor still runs. I had games like Platoon, Ikari Warriors, Kung Fu Master, The Dam Busters, Strike Force Cobra, Ace of Aces and many more. My brother had the GunShip game, and I had the Huey II sim game. Those were some great memories back in those days. What was so fun was every month I would ride with my mother, me and my brother and go to the mall to a store that selled commodore64 games. We would pick one that we wanted after looking through them all, that was so fun and interesting times. I learned alot about computers working with the commodore64. The commodore64 was me and my brothers first computer. Like I said ealier, it still works :-)" + }, + { + "author": "Chris Brown (USA)", + "date": "Saturday 26th November 2005", + "text": "I used a large number of these machines to run point of sale show stands for In-Car Entertainment. The computer allowed the setting up of an entire system to the customers selection, including all the switching via the user port and many, many relays and digital CMOS support ICs, prior to installation in their vehicle. It included basic product specs, pricing of components etc. The programming (by me) was originally in BASIC, but as time went on with updates, the memory began to fill, and this resulted in a complete re-write of 64K in machine code - hand assembled! I locked myself away for days on end! Even later, we added a second bank of 64K SRAM which was paged in and out via the expansion port! We used these machines from 1983 thru 1992 Those were the days, when every byte of memory was coveted like the holy grail:-) In my opinion, these were the first truly 'sensible' home PCs" + }, + { + "author": "Søren Pedersen (Denmark)", + "date": "Monday 24th October 2005", + "text": "\"Crash course\" on loading stuff on the 64:
To load whatever comes first from a tape in the special Datasette tape recorder, hold down SHIFT and press the RUN STOP key - if the play button on the datassette isn't already pressed down, the message PRESS PLAY ON TAPE on the screen will prompt you to do so.
To see what's on a floppy disk inside an attached Commodore 1541/1570/1571 floppy drive, type LOAD \"$\",8 and hit the RETURN key. And when it has finished loading, type LIST and press RETURN to display the directory.
To load a specific file from the disk, type LOAD \"filename\",8,1 (where filename is the name of the PRoGram file you want to load) and press RETURN, and when it's finished loading (after, say, a few minutes!), type RUN.

Good news for those who loved the music in the C64 games: the \"music scene\" of the 64 is alive and kicking...!

For a player that'll play C-64 tunes on your Windows PC, go to http://www.gsldata.se/c64/spw/sidplayw.html

For a HUGE collection of C-64 tunes that'll play on the aforementioned player, head towards http://www.hvsc.c64.org/

Some folks like to remix and remake them tunes. Here are 1500+ MP3's with tunes from C-64 games - re-made in a way you've never heard them before! http://remix.kwed.org/

Yeah -- C-64 simply was the greatest -- 'nuff said!" + }, + { + "author": "Scott (Canada)", + "date": "Friday 18th May 2018", + "text": "The C64 was my second home computer (following the VIC-20) It still remains my favorite 8-bit gaming computer of all time) The only criticism I have is that it could no handle vector graphics properly." + }, + { + "author": "Simo Jabir (Canada)", + "date": "Tuesday 2nd May 2017", + "text": "When I see the messages 10 years before its really amazing how the technologies are developed now with the iptv , voip no need to many things to enjoy the life we just need a good internet provider such the one i have https://www.bravotelecom.com/en-CA/internet-provider-residential.php" + }, + { + "author": "Fabio (Italy)", + "date": "Saturday 22nd April 2017", + "text": "From 1982 to 1993, all models and Commodore 64 versions:
- C64 Silver Label
- C64 Breadbox
- Commodore 64C
- C64 Golden Edition
- C64 Aldi
- Commodore 64G
- Commodore 64GS
... others with \"Commodore 64\" brand" + }, + { + "author": "Job (Netherlands)", + "date": "Thursday 18th June 2015", + "text": "THE REAL C64 BASED WEBSERVER" + }, + { + "author": "zozo (france)", + "date": "Thursday 30th October 2014", + "text": "j''en ai eu un mais pas longtemps il est tombé en panne a force de le bricoler. j''ai aimé cette machine en 1986 !je me souviendrai toujours de ma surprise quand j''ai réussi mon 1er programme en langage machine ! j''ai couru dans toute la maison en criant youpiiiiii !!!! quelle bonheur que de programmer des datas et des pokes ..." + }, + { + "author": "Tommy (Denmark)", + "date": "Sunday 26th October 2014", + "text": "Bought my C64 in 1986 when I was 16 years old. Now I´m 44 years old and still have it well preserved in the addict along with my Amiga 500.

I ofcourse sometimes start it up and have fun memories.

:)" + }, + { + "author": "Tom (Australia)", + "date": "Wednesday 27th August 2014", + "text": "A piece of computer history. Sometimes I ask myself where we would be without it.

I must say, back in the day I hated the C64. I \"grew up\" on CBM30XX machines and owned a VIC-20. It was the arrogance of the C64 users toward the VIC which made me not want a C64 and in fact it wasn''t until sometime in the early 90s that I bought one of them (C64G) and only because it was dirt cheap. This one has been passed on to my brother a long time ago but I have since purchased an original C64 (the brown breadbox) and two C64C in a bundle for the horrendous sum of $1. One of the \"C\"s works the other two have faulty graphics. The screen just shows garbled rubbish on one and stays black on the other. Eventually they will be wall mounted in my study, (together with a VIC-20, a C16 and a TI99/4A). Now I am chasing a \"Aldi C64\", another C64G and if at all possible, a SX-64 to complete the collection." + }, + { + "author": "Ken Hudson (Crackpot) (Lamar, MO USA)", + "date": "Monday 24th February 2014", + "text": "It was this machine that caused my career change from a marine carpenter to IBM PC repair. Twas a major turning point in my life. Thank you to PET computers and Jim Butterfield for their influence in my life. BTW- What ever happened to Jim?" + }, + { + "author": "Roger Jowett (Ulster)", + "date": "Thursday 28th February 2013", + "text": "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v$zsjTpFR0oYQ

please help
trying to convert 8bit video for sam coupe
this is still not mode 3 interlaced with hmpr bit 5$6 CLUT alterations per scan line HELP we only need a DMA...
masterdos/basic atom lite support" + }, + { + "author": "JOE (USA)", + "date": "Friday 18th January 2013", + "text": "I walked 5 miles and tutored to get my C64. I ran that thing all night and all day long with software from a company called LOADSTAR. LOADSTARS came out on a 51/4 floppy disc once a month for the C64 and contained are sorts of software gems for the C64. We got them from bookstores for $29.00." + }, + { + "author": "Vick Peña (Mexico)", + "date": "Saturday 28th July 2012", + "text": "This was the very first computer I ever used...I still remember me tinkering with the BASIC commands to make a silly program that would simply show all ASCII symbols on the screen...(sigh) It was so long ago...whenever I teach my World History class I still amaze kids by telling them my C64 had powerful 64K of memory...they say it can''t be..." + }, + { + "author": "Marco G (Portugal)", + "date": "Saturday 21st April 2012", + "text": "I much as I love my speccy, my neighbor had a C64 - they were rare in Portugal - and I just leave everything I was doing with my speccy to go next door and play some C64 at his house. The colors man ... the colors !!!!" + }, + { + "author": "James A. Schumacher (U.S.A.)", + "date": "Tuesday 21st February 2012", + "text": "The Commodore 64 was my very first personal computer. After years of successful use, I''m trying to remember the name of the Commodore program that ran in a way much like the Macintosh. The program used a mouse and icons. Can anyone give me the name of that software?" + }, + { + "author": "sandmannc40 (USA)", + "date": "Wednesday 21st September 2011", + "text": "I was stationed in Japan when C-64 came out. I almost purchased one in Japan, but I waited and got one when I got back in the States. Then of course the tape deck, floppy drive, printer, and so many cartridges. I used the Commodore for almost 10 years, then I moved to DOS and Windows 3.0. Then to Windows 95, 98, 2000 (my favorite) XP, Vista. At the time of Vista I was finally tired of problem after problem with Windows and moved to Linux. Never turned back and my old friend the Commodore is now reborn using Linux. I am interested in the Middle range Commodore but I just don''t have the money right now!!! Reminds me when I got my first Commodore. Never having enough money, but getting at least the Computer. Then the Floppy drive, then the Printer and finally the Monitor. Later I got a Commodore 128 with the Floppy drive with that. They 64 equipment worked on the 128. I just wished that the 128 skipped the c/pm and moved to Linux. That is about the time Linux was born." + }, + { + "author": "Jeff Keizer (United States)", + "date": "Thursday 8th September 2011", + "text": "I remember the days when I would spend literally days using my Commodore 64! It is, in my opinion, still the greatest original home computer that ever existed. I could do so much with it. My favorite things to do were programming and some game playing. But usually, I wrote the games myself! It''s great to see this site dedicated to the Commodore 64!" + }, + { + "author": "Jeff Keizer (United States)", + "date": "Thursday 8th September 2011", + "text": "I remember the days when I would spend literally days using my Commodore 64! It is, in my opinion, still the greatest original home computer that ever existed. I could do so much with it. My favorite things to do were programming and some game playing. But usually, I wrote the games myself! It''s great to see this site dedicated to the Commodore 64!" + }, + { + "author": "Spitz (Suisse)", + "date": "Friday 22nd April 2011", + "text": "Je possède un SX-64,premier ordinateur portable avec
imprimante MPS-803 et extention SIMONS''64" + }, + { + "author": "David (USA)", + "date": "Friday 25th March 2011", + "text": "I picked up a C64 after owning a vic-20 and did my first work with assembly code, making a version of the LIFE program. It updated and switched between two memory areas for the screen display. The memory architecture was so open and well documented it was a joy to work with. Alas, my next computer was an IBM clone and was much harder to figure out, but at least I had some idea what I was supposed to do, something I attribute to the C64." + }, + { + "author": "Your Face (Earth)", + "date": "Wednesday 23rd March 2011", + "text": "using the actual system is 100 times better than an emulator. Too bad our computer today drifted away from the BASIC system." + }, + { + "author": "Aynsley Watson (Edinburgh, UK)", + "date": "Thursday 10th March 2011", + "text": "Since 28 March 2008, Commodore 64 games have been available to buy through Nintendo''s Virtual Console service in Europe$ the first games available were Uridium and International Karate. There is also a C64 emulator application with classic games available in Apple''s app store." + }, + { + "author": "J. Meisenham (Calif., USA)", + "date": "Sunday 20th February 2011", + "text": "Hello. I''m looking for a Commodore 64, with box, poly/styro $s, manual, RF switch and cable, power supply, and (if possible) misc. papers. E-mail at james.meisenham @ gmail . com. Thank you." + }, + { + "author": "James (United States)", + "date": "Monday 7th February 2011", + "text": "I have an old Commodore 64 system that is experiencing blank screen syndrome. I did some testing, and it appears to lock up after it resets the components. I believe that there is a short somewhere on the board, as the 5 volt regulator gets really hot. So hot, that I can''t touch it, or else I''ll get burned. If anyone has any ideas on how I could fix this, please email me at: hydrogenhydrogenfusion@gmail.com" + }, + { + "author": "Ugo Capeto", + "date": "Thursday 4th November 2010", + "text": "What can be said about the old C64 and making music? A lot actually. There was a neat little music app called \"instant music\" that was rather novel for the time as it kinda guide you in the \"sequencing\" of notes (was probably following a scale depending on your earlier notes). Other notable music apps are Electrosound, Music Studio, Ubik''s Music, etc. Those apps came about in mid-late 80s (eraly 90s for some)." + }, + { + "author": "commodore 64", + "date": "Thursday 9th September 2010", + "text": "what really sets apart the Commodore 64 is the SID chip with its 3 channels of pure chiptune delight." + }, + { + "author": "anonymous (BAHRAIN)", + "date": "Tuesday 31st August 2010", + "text": "even though its a dinosaur the games were classic

i had fun using it when i was a kid and i still play some of the games with the emulator

good old days with the C64" + }, + { + "author": "Mary (USA)", + "date": "Sunday 27th June 2010", + "text": "I have some old literature on the commodore 64 computer and catalog from 1982. Also user guides. Are any of these idems worth anything?" + }, + { + "author": "Paul (USA)", + "date": "Wednesday 28th April 2010", + "text": "Hi. I have an old friend, who has and even older 5.25\" floppy diskette containing cherished family diaries written on (I think) a Commodore II. Do you know of anyone in the Atlanta area who could read this disk and save the files in something more modern or translatable?

Thanks,

Paul" + }, + { + "author": "sh4rkbyt3 (USA)", + "date": "Tuesday 13rd April 2010", + "text": "Bluekatt, I hate to rain on your parade but the production numbers alone along with peripherial sales proved the Mac crowd was no where near the size of what you claim.
It''s sad when someone can''t deal with the facts." + }, + { + "author": "Keith (USA)", + "date": "Friday 12th February 2010", + "text": "im looking for the old gunship game that was for commodore 64. it was a combat flight simulation. please contact me at friskyviddles at yahoo . com" + }, + { + "author": "bluekatt", + "date": "Friday 15th August 2008", + "text": "the total amount of macintosh computers today in the world is grossly undervalued there are at least twice as many macintosh units out there today with a number ranging from 50 to 60 million" + }, + { + "author": "James (Port Hope, Ontario)", + "date": "Monday 28th July 2008", + "text": "I too had a 64 as my first computer, I got it april of 1984 in scarborough, ontario. I also had it when I lived in whitby until 1986. I even ran a small bbs on it: The Universe, a big name for a small board. My original 64 wore out in 1988 but now I have another with a few other commodore & atari computers. They still get used on a daily basis. Now if I could just find some of the old friends I'd made over this machine during those years." + }, + { + "author": "DENA (Coventry)", + "date": "Tuesday 4th September 2007", + "text": "I wondered if anyone knew what the market value is for a commodore 64?" + }, + { + "author": "bluekatt (netherlands)", + "date": "Wednesday 6th June 2007", + "text": "the more macintoshes claim is more then just a little bit skewerd there are at least 60 million macs and or mac users in the world twice as much c64's there ever were" + }, + { + "author": "richard lyon (england,birmingham)", + "date": "Tuesday 23rd January 2007", + "text": "just like 2 say hello 2 all the retro heads glad i am not te only 1 got a few games 4 the 64 and the spectrum 48k,128,so if any 1 wonts get in tuch .
lyonz007." + }, + { + "author": "Skel (Oakville, Ontario, Canada)", + "date": "Friday 17th November 2006", + "text": "In the article, the \"User Port\" is mentioned as an output device but what is it? The Commodore classic \"User Port\" was an \"Inverted RS-232C\"... essentially a fancy name for a simple communications port." + }, + { + "author": "Anoxy (usa)", + "date": "Wednesday 26th July 2006", + "text": "matthew, the BASIC command you want is ON .. GOTO. For your example, 1 X=INT(RND(1)*10+1) generates numbers from 1 to 10. 2 ON X GOTO 10, 20, 30, ... 90, 100 will select a line based on the value of X. 10 PRINT\"Hi\":GOTO 1 and 20 PRINT \"Hello\":GOTO 1 and so forth for your printing needs." + }, + { + "author": "POPROXANDCOKE (EARTH)", + "date": "Wednesday 26th July 2006", + "text": "the original chips in the c64 were the sid chips.
the remaining stock of sid chips were manufactured into a midi device called a sidstation." + }, + { + "author": "Callum (Australia)", + "date": "Sunday 28th May 2006", + "text": "Does anyone know if the internet is still available on the Commodore 64?" + }, + { + "author": "matthew burton (england)", + "date": "Monday 5th December 2005", + "text": "i am looking to write a program which the computer randomly selects lines of my program before sending the line to my printer. so far i have been trying to use the c64s in built random number genaration. it will not however GOTO my variable ( in all it looks a bit like this)
1 X=INT(RND(1)*(20+5)-5)
2 GOTOX
3 GOTO1
4 PRINT\"...
5 PRINT\"...
6 PRINT\"...
and so on
If anyone knows a way around this problem i would be extremely greatfull.
Cheers." + }, + { + "author": "Michael Clark (Sacramento, Ca)", + "date": "Saturday 18th June 2005", + "text": "I remember having a summer job when I was 14 and wanting to buy the Vic20, My Dad insited I wait another week and get the C-64.

By the time I was 16 I had compilers for every major language on that machine Cobol, Fortran, Pascal, C, Forth, and I taught myself assembler on that machine. I probably read 10,000 magzines on it. Later I had a 128 and that was really the end of the era for me.

I have my Masters in CIS today because of the endless hours I \"Wasted\" on that machine. if nothing else the system was the most awsome teaching machine I ever had. Sure the MAC was easy (but a paperweight for programmers) and PC faster, the C-64 taught me a lot about how computers wok." + }, + { + "author": "Dan (Melbourne,Aust)", + "date": "Tuesday 19th April 2005", + "text": "I recently put together my c64, I found the components and software at some obscure places. The software(old collections of 5 1/4 in disks) and some peripherals, I discovered at 2nd hand shop inside a waste transfer station, the the keyboard unit and 1541 disk-drive I discovered at a local buisness which mainly sells/repairs small wind generators and sells some old electronic stuff too. I was excited when I found the main components and have more recently picked up a datasette.I was going thru some old tape games and found a chill game called 'Paradriod', I never played when I was growing up if anyone reading has not played it I highly recomend giving it a go. My brother,sister and I had fun on the c64 interimittently as we grew up due to reliability problems.The games we enjoyed were 'Eagle Empire','Galaxy','Donald Duck's Playground','Supergridder\",'Attack of the Mutant Camels'.'Bumping Buggies', to name just some.One game that I was introduced to by a friend a couple of weeks ago is called 'Wizball',he played it when he was young,and now I am getting into it sweet game.Some sites worth checking out are 'www.64hdd.com/', 'www.server64.com/', old school gaming lives on cheers to all" + }, + { + "author": "Taimur (Pakistan)", + "date": "Thursday 31st March 2005", + "text": "Although now we are among extremely powerful computers but I still love my C64 and keeping it with me (since 1985) as it was bought yesterday. I have C64, tape drive and Printer MPS 1250. For C64 I wish time had stopped." + }, + { + "author": "qwerty (earth)", + "date": "Friday 25th March 2005", + "text": "Well ron, 'syntax error' means there is a problem(missnumbered line, etc,etc.)
in the program. And 'press play on tape' is pritty self-explanitory,but it means to press play on the cassete player(that's one way you got information back then!). If you want to load something on one of the big, 5 1/4 inch disks, you would tipe something like:
load\"a dog\",8
(NOTE, the name 'a dog' is only a example.)
hope I was usefull ron,
sincerly,
qwerty" + }, + { + "author": "Ron Co (ohio, usa)", + "date": "Wednesday 2nd March 2005", + "text": "I completely forgot the origin of these phrases untill I came across this web page. Does anybody know what \"Press play on tape\" and \"syntax error\" means? I had a c64 in '85 or so and my cousin and i still laugh about those two messages." + }, + { + "author": "Thomas (Netherlands)", + "date": "Thursday 10th February 2005", + "text": "I sold my first commodore for 50$ (who would...?)
recently i worked at a take-in for old/broken electronics
I saw a lot of C=64 and Amiga
I have the beige and brown version, and a 1280 desktop model . 2005 still going ...." + }, + { + "author": "Dave Kellow (Halifax, Nova Scotia)", + "date": "Friday 28th January 2005", + "text": "Heh. Well, there were lots of 'online games' that you could play over a modem... mostly text-based, and they'd require *gasp* 80-columns. Man oh man. How many of us tied up the phone lines with a 1670. Twelve hundred baud, man! It cooks! I wrote essays and cruised bulletin boards, and, you know, stayed in my room and avoided talking to girls with that thing. Good times." + }, + { + "author": "matt (London)", + "date": "Wednesday 19th January 2005", + "text": "Does anyone know if there were \"online\" commodore games available on bulletin boards or otherwise that users could download before 1985?" + }, + { + "author": "Brian Kuhlman (Wisconsin)", + "date": "Monday 17th January 2005", + "text": "I have owned computers all the way back to a Tandy 1000..to this day i still keep a commadore 64 emu on my pc and the cool thing is it works....Programming was fun when you do it yourself....just a thought" + }, + { + "author": "Jerry Robinson (London SE)", + "date": "Monday 3rd January 2005", + "text": "My wife made the big mistake of purchasing the C64 for Xmas in the early eighties. I learned the art of BASIC, and wrote a complete game called \"Gamble JR Style\". I still have memories of allowing my wife to fall asleep, and would spend hours in the middle of the night writing the program. Gone are those days." + }, + { + "author": "qwerty (canada,vancouver bc)", + "date": "Monday 3rd January 2005", + "text": "i must say i realy injoy the commodore 64,it realy is the best
basic programing computer i have ever ran into.i am looking for
geos for it currrently.dose anyone know where i can find it?
please e-mail me if you do" + }, + { + "author": "Joe Soivey (United Kingdom)", + "date": "Sunday 19th December 2004", + "text": "I fondly remember the C64, the tapes... the graphics... the dot matrix printer... there isn't a computer like it." + }, + { + "author": "théjy (France)", + "date": "Saturday 11th December 2004", + "text": "I did spend a lot of overnight programming on that machine in 1983-84; BASIC, FORTH and Assembly. It really was the best computer you could get for $600. I remember detecting \"stack overflow\" by hearing the tape drive engine start (the adress of the tape engine control was next to the begining of memory...)." + }, + { + "author": "Adam Christian (NY/VA/GA, USA)", + "date": "Sunday 28th November 2004", + "text": "The C64 is almost my very first memory... From Demos to Games to Music, this computer has influenced my whole life. To this day SID music is one of my favorite types! IK++ ROCK ON!" + }, + { + "author": "john green (California)", + "date": "Saturday 27th November 2004", + "text": "When I was a kid. For Christmas I got a C64 and the tape drive. Parents wanted to see if I would use it before they purchased the disk drive. 20+ years later its still running like a champ. I let anyone on my new pc. But I don't let just anyone touch the 64." + }, + { + "author": "Webmaster (France)", + "date": "Thursday 28th October 2004", + "text": "Yes, mef601 is right

Connect your disk-drive to the C64. Turn on computer and disk-drive. Insert a disk into the drive.

Then you can type LOAD \"*\",8,1 and RUN to run the first rogram available on the disk or you can also type LOAD \"$\",8 and LIST to list content of the disk , then LOAD \"thenameoftheprogramyouwanttolaunch\",8,1 and RUN...

hope that helps" + }, + { + "author": "mef601 (NC)", + "date": "Wednesday 27th October 2004", + "text": "Russell- I remember the commands being something like
Load\"*\",8,1 then enter,
then RUN.
The commands were usually written on the lables too." + }, + { + "author": "Russell (Austin,TX)", + "date": "Wednesday 15th September 2004", + "text": "I just bought a Commador 64 from a yard sale and it works great. But I have no idea how to use it. I get a blue screen that looks simpilar to a DOS prompt but cant figure a command to get a game running. It also came with a external Floppy (BIG Floopy) Drive and modem. I have no idea how to works thes either. Could someone help please. I would love to try out the game and have a blast from the past" + }, + { + "author": "Jack (Central New Jersey)", + "date": "Tuesday 14th September 2004", + "text": "Hi
I'm cleaning out the basement and came across 2 boxes of mid to late 80s C64 magazines. You remember them. RUN, AHOY, COMMODORE. I need the space but hat to just throw them out. There was a lot of great information and programs, not to mention memories, stored in those pages. I'm not looking to sell them, I'm just hoping someone wants them. I'll hold on to them until Sept 24, 2004. If you're interested you can contact me at \"jacksjunk@comcast.net\". These are some fairly heavy boxes (probably 30lbs each) so shipping on them would not be cheap. Local pickup in central NJ would be best. If no one is interested by Sept 24 they have got to go.
Thanks for Reading
Jack
jacksjunk@comcast.net" + }, + { + "author": "greg (bs2.1@juno.com)", + "date": "Tuesday 24th August 2004", + "text": "i have a program called \"dream writter\" i used it with my commador 128, now i have a pc, xp wimdows, i am looking for and ineed of and emulator that will translate commador basic to windows xp or 98se. so i can finially use this program? send your reply to bs2.1@juno.com greg." + }, + { + "author": "NUTCRACKKERS (ILLINOIS )", + "date": "Tuesday 3rd August 2004", + "text": "I HAVE TONS OF COMMADORE 64 STUFF. MY FATHER IN LAW PASSED AWAY AND HE WAS A USER AND COLLECTOR. THERE ARE OVER 1000 DISKS, 3 MONITORS, 6 KEYBOARDS, 6 DISC DRIVES AND LOTS OF BOOKS AND PROGRAMS. MY HUSBAND AND I WANT TO GIVE THEM AWAY TO SOMEONE THAT WILL PICK THEM UP IN BRIDGEVIEW, IL. WE HAVE THEM ALL IN ONE ROOM AND WILL NEED TO DISPOSE OF THEM WITHIN THE NEXT WEEK." + }, + { + "author": "brian brisby (calgary alberta canada)", + "date": "Tuesday 27th July 2004", + "text": "looking for anyone that has any books or notes on righting program code for the 64. It may sound funny but i work for a company that still uses the old eprom to run a vending machin. if you can help me thank." + }, + { + "author": "Revlater (Cleveland, Ohio)", + "date": "Wednesday 14th July 2004", + "text": "This was my first computer.. Geez, it sure was a great system.. I dont have any complaints about it at all.. I sometimes wish I still had one.." + }, + { + "author": "Quick Basic (PA)", + "date": "Wednesday 23rd June 2004", + "text": "To hook up your c-64 to a TV do NOT use the coax Type cable (that goes to the old 1702 monitor) Instead use a tv-rf switchbox (or cable adapter for newer TVs) and a composite cable from the single jack on the computer to the switchbox (You can get one at RadioShack as well as the switchbox but the cable is 3 cables you need to pull apart)" + }, + { + "author": "Squatdog (Perth, Australia)", + "date": "Monday 7th June 2004", + "text": "i wonder if these machines will be worth shitloads in 10 or so years?" + }, + { + "author": "Rich (Cardiff)", + "date": "Thursday 6th May 2004", + "text": "Rare commodore 64 on Ebay

http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItem&category=3544&item=8103351161&rd=1" + }, + { + "author": "Leandro Tami (Mar del Plata, Argentina)", + "date": "Wednesday 14th April 2004", + "text": "I had a C64 when I was 4 years old, until I had 6... and it really was something that marked me for good. I have so many good memories, I remember coming from the kindergarden, watching the Pink Panther and playing in my C64, exactly in that order. Today I'm studying computer engineering, and I love computers, although I must recognize that I usually think I would enjoy more playing again in my C64 than having the latest Pentium 4. I don't think I'd be able to express all the emotions I experience when I think in this computer in only one English sentence. And Ali, my favourite games were Galaxian, Vampire, Frantic Freddie, Impossible Mission, Ms. Pac Man and Gyruss. I also recognize I was quite afraid of Friday 13th (but I played it too:))!" + }, + { + "author": "Yves (Quebec, Canada)", + "date": "Thursday 1st April 2004", + "text": "Nice memories?
- a C-64,
- a few good friends
- Cola glasses
- Blue Max game loaded and running
Yahoo!" + }, + { + "author": "Ali Tabibi (Tehran, IRAN)", + "date": "Thursday 25th March 2004", + "text": "I have a C64C and it is my first PC. Nowdays I don't use it. My favorite games were MP Soccer, The Last Ninja 1,2,3. What were your favorite games?
I have a Fujitsu Simens Laptop and a PC. I'm waiting for your nice memories about it." + }, + { + "author": "Ted (Oceanside, CA)", + "date": "Friday 5th March 2004", + "text": "My first computer was a C64 and I was so impressed with it. I still have 2 of them along with 2 - 1541 drives and 4 - SFD1001 drives with all the cables, IEEE interface, power supplies, and 1 monitor.
I ran the second largest BBS in San Diego at the time. Most of my disks are gone, but I still have the C-Net BBS program and all the manuals. Am thinking of selling the whole set-up one of these days." + }, + { + "author": "Steven Westerviller (Columbus, Ohio)", + "date": "Wednesday 11th February 2004", + "text": "I have a Commadore 64 computer consisting of the keyboard, 1702 monitor, and manual. If anyone expresses a desire to have one, all you have to do is contact me and if you pick it up, it is yours free. Everything works fine. It's just taking up needed space. I am disabled and have no use for it. I normally check my e-mail 2 times a week, usually on Thursday and Friday evenings. It still has its original box. Anyone inters=ested, please let me know how to get in contact with you. I do not make long distant calls due to my very limited income.
Steve" + }, + { + "author": "ricardo (belgium)", + "date": "Friday 6th February 2004", + "text": "i have a special model that they used in school with special keys for drawing software" + }, + { + "author": "bRENT (michigan)", + "date": "Wednesday 14th January 2004", + "text": "I am looking for a couple of old c-64 games called bards tale and bazooka bill! please e-mail me if you know anything." + }, + { + "author": "Christopher Parker (Massachusetts)", + "date": "Thursday 30th October 2003", + "text": "I have an old Commodore 64 sitting in a box in my basement. I had tried a while ago to hook it up to my TV, but all I could get was static. How do I hook this up to my new TV? It has co-ax and RCA (red, white, yellow) connections.

I would love to be able to use my C64 again.

Also... anyone know where I'd be able to get a reference guide or something for C64 commands? Like... listing the contents of a disk, etc?

Thanks a bunch!

E-mail me with any of this info, if you'd like.... but I'd rather see it on this forum. (Both would be cool.)" + }, + { + "author": "Yves Mc Donald (Quebec, Canada)", + "date": "Wednesday 1st October 2003", + "text": "I collect Apple ][ stuff mainly but I just had an irresistible offer for a C-64. It will soon sit side by side with my Apples in my collection. Yeah, in my teen years, my friends had C-64's: way cool sounds and graphics indeed. Too bad the BASIC interpreter and its DOS suck (compared to AppleSoft anyway) and a slooow disk drive. An excellent machine otherwise." + }, + { + "author": "Christopher James Wood (Port Macquarie, Australia)", + "date": "Thursday 25th September 2003", + "text": "I used to have the old brown commodore 64. I used to make programs and play games. It help me with programming and I got it after my Commodore Vic 20. Now I play computer games with my PC and I now can use the internet and have fun downloading great programs that related to the Commodore 64." + }, + { + "author": "george (canada)", + "date": "Sunday 21st September 2003", + "text": "ahhhh the c-64 what memories, it was way ahead of its time and I still miss it. I still have two of them and two 1541 disk drives in the basement.

I remember programming in assembly mixed with basic calls it could do some cool stuff.

I remember VORPAL, the disk drive speed loader that you had to convert your disks to its format and made the disks load very fast and it was disk based and always there on the disk.

Does anyone remember the two pins on the joystick port that forced a reset when shorted...... a pen with a metal top provided me with lots of fun with other students in the computer lab at school. I guess it was cruel to reset the computer when they spent all that time typing in their simple programs. And the computer teacher hated me because i was always correcting her and the other students came to me for help and not her haha. She tried to fail me but could only get me down to 85% (took off marks only on me for like forgetting a period on hand written assignments or using the correct answer on a test (\"I dont care if the book is wrong\") etc)

poke 48980,0 (i think that was the background color register)" + }, + { + "author": "jonnymc (newcastle)", + "date": "Wednesday 10th September 2003", + "text": "where can i get old games like kickstart or any other from commador 64" + }, + { + "author": "Retro_sand_monkey_TG-621 (England)", + "date": "Tuesday 2nd September 2003", + "text": "Ah I love the C64 I still have it under my bed with about 500 games!" + }, + { + "author": "mike winton (grove okla)", + "date": "Friday 15th August 2003", + "text": "Hello
I'm looking to buy a commadore 64 monitor .Can anyone help me? thank you very much
mike" + }, + { + "author": "Chulang Searles (Barbados West Indies)", + "date": "Sunday 10th August 2003", + "text": "The C64,C64c is the computer responsible for the development of The IT sectors in Barbados. It was popular in Business, schools. It was the computer that was responsible for home computing to rise in Barbados.
It was consider to be a power house in its time with Word Perfit etc being availible for it. I had not the pleasure of owning a C64, but did many repairs on them. The second computer was the Apple II. ZX Spetrum and BBC Acrons. Acrons were used in microporcessor controlls training." + }, + { + "author": "TYS (ENGLAND)", + "date": "Wednesday 6th August 2003", + "text": "ANY ONE KNOW WHERE I CAN DOWNLOAD C 64 GAMES? IM NEW TO ALL THIS PC LARK SO AS MUCH INFO AS POSSIBLE PLEASE" + }, + { + "author": "Tyler Walraven (Oskalosa,IA,U.S.A)", + "date": "Thursday 24th July 2003", + "text": "I think the C 64 is the best computer in the world . Ihope they make itr again . Tyler Walraven age 11" + }, + { + "author": "Ronald Robinette (Cumb., Md USA)", + "date": "Thursday 17th July 2003", + "text": "I apologize for mis-spelling my e-mail name, my correct e-mail address is, BRITENOTE@HOTMAIL.COM. Not bright, right." + }, + { + "author": "Ronald Robinette (Cumb., Md USA)", + "date": "Thursday 17th July 2003", + "text": "My first computer was a Vic 20, I loved it, but I soon moved up to the C-64 to get the advantage of it's huge 64 k of ram. I have had an IBM pc, or a
clone there of for more then fifteen years but i still miss the excellent Commador basic. Does anyone know if Commador basic is available as software that I can run from a floppy disk or cd- rom? Any e-mail info about this would be welcomed by, BRIGHTNOTE@HOTMAIL.COM" + }, + { + "author": "Olivier (France)", + "date": "Saturday 12th July 2003", + "text": "Check http://www.lemon64.com/, you should find everything you need here (Emulator & games). Enjoy..." + }, + { + "author": "teri (ohio)", + "date": "Friday 11th July 2003", + "text": "Hey everyone. I'm looking for an emulator that runs old commador 64 games, specifically Burger Time. My parents still have our commador in their basement unused. I miss some of those old games! :-)" + }, + { + "author": "George Kirk (Whitby, Ontario, Canada)", + "date": "Thursday 29th May 2003", + "text": "Oh the memories - the thrill of going to a friend's house at the age of seven to play cool games on his computer, then finding a 64 under the christmas tree that year (1983)...and then using it until 1992 to play games, make long-distance phone calls for free, the whole BBS scene.

Wild stuff - thanks for the memories. The newest generation of kids will never know how great it was to squeeze so much out of 64K of RAM." + }, + { + "author": "Starfox ( Yorkshire U.K)", + "date": "Friday 9th May 2003", + "text": "Great site and wonderful memories,I got my C64 for Christmas 1983 and it's still works fine.The first game I ever played on the C64 was Beach Head,does anyone remember it, I thought it was one of the best games ever." + }, + { + "author": "David (Sweden)", + "date": "Wednesday 9th April 2003", + "text": "Anybody know where to get the midi interface hardware for a c64? Seems too tricky to make one by hand :( please email me if you know me00don@ing.umu.se" + }, + { + "author": "J. Hirtle (Earth)", + "date": "Wednesday 8th January 2003", + "text": "This was my first computer, so let me add a few things I was taught: The tape drive used a \"special\" 10 minute long audio tape cassette to store information (any longer was bad I was told) and if you didn't have the entire tape rewound, then the program wouldn't always load! For a monitor, we used a TV set. We later got a 5.25 inch floppy drive and a word processing program that would let you type up to 7 pages of text (any more and the machine would slow down and freeze). Our first one (which you have pictured) did die, and we replaced it with a slightly redesigned model that was more lower and more streamlined sometime in 1988-1989. For games we had \"Lemonade Stand\" and \"Oregon Trail\". We also got a magazine that had programs printed out in it so that you could type them into the computer manually.
The one thing I never found out was how to transfer the information from the old Commodore 64 to IBM compatable floppies (or Macintosh which I use today)" + }, + { + "author": "Paul (dayton)", + "date": "Friday 1st November 2002", + "text": "I LOVE THE COMMADORE 64!!! I think i want to start colecting old computers. I find them facinating." + }, + { + "author": "JulWCZar (Hungary)", + "date": "Monday 30th September 2002", + "text": "C64 was cool. Unfortunetly, the new generation of computer addicts will never experience what was using a \"Commodore 64 Personal Computer\".

I sold mine in 1996 for 10.000 HUF (aprox. 100 $)." + }, + { + "author": "ElecTro (Home)", + "date": "Saturday 17th August 2002", + "text": "i love my c64...i got 2 of them for 10 bux at a flea market and am oh so happy. So may ppl talk about making music on it but i really dunno how or what software i should get...please help me." + }, + { + "author": "jendoz (Israel)", + "date": "Thursday 15th August 2002", + "text": "damn'!
what a great computer it was :)
i had ne when i was 10 and
my friend got it from someone
shame its no more now
a true piece of classic stuff!" + }, + { + "author": "REking16 (Earth)", + "date": "Thursday 8th August 2002", + "text": "There were two add-ons that, although rare, were rather significant, the REU and SuperCPU. The Ram Exapansion Unit allowed for substancally more memory (16MB?) while the SuperCPU boosted the system speed to 25Mhz. Also, the commodore disk drives (1541, 1541II, 1571, etc.) were computers on their own, each having their own CPU and RAM. This is why Commodore disks can't be used in modern drives." + }, + { + "author": "Gabriel (Boca Raton, FL)", + "date": "Wednesday 10th July 2002", + "text": "Ah the memories! The good ol' C-64 greatest home computer ever made. Even now it is amazing what 64K could do, coupled with SID and VIC. Had it for 6 years and did so many things... From school projects to GAMES and GAMES and GAMES. Awesome website!" + }, + { + "author": "Chris Carpenter (Ft. Myers, FL)", + "date": "Wednesday 26th June 2002", + "text": "Great site, great computer. The C=64 was everything to me in the 80's, games, clubs, friends, hardware, software... so many memories. I only gave up my last bit of stuff to Goodwill in 2000 after I had moved into my new house, I hope its new owner loves it as much as I did. Two things i kept: the color monitor, which still looks great, and the few original boxed fantasy games I have aquired over the years. I want to especially thank some of the software developers out there, you guys and gals made some awesome games and programs, very few of which I paid for. If I could go back in time and pay for Mail Order Monsters, Racing Destruction Set, Bruce Lee, Phantasie, and about a dozen others, I would. Your hard work may not have been paid for, but it was certainly appreciated." + }, + { + "author": "Shar Kurtishi (Gjakova (KOSOVO))", + "date": "Wednesday 26th June 2002", + "text": "Hmmm what can I say, it has reminded me a lot, I still feel those sweet memories spending hours and days in front of my monitor (thats why i have glasses today). I started thinking when i bought my first personal computer C64 in Sarajevo in 1991 just before the war. Programing on basic
20 print\"My first computer\"
run" + }, + { + "author": "if 10 then goto 20 (Atlanta, USA)", + "date": "Friday 14th June 2002", + "text": "The C-64. What can I say... To begin with, it was better designed than any other computer in it's time. Just look at the Apple II or IBM's and you'll see what I'm talking about. Then the games. This was post-Atari/pre-nintendo times and the graphics were awasome. And the music! This machine could emmulate voice! I still have a working C-64 with monochrome monitor, Geos software, printer, 300+ working games and programs and it is hooked up to an Ensoniq Mirage digital sample via a midi interface. This was my music machine back then, and it still rocks! I keep it for one day donating it to a 'physichal' computer museum. Thanks for the memories. Great site!" + }, + { + "author": "Happy Fellow (Italy)", + "date": "Wednesday 12th June 2002", + "text": "The Commodore 64 is the most remarkable piece of computer history: it is a great home computer, an amazing game system... a friend.
With the C64 I programmed in BASIC and enjoyed many great games. My C64C is broken but I use the great CCS64 emulator." + }, + { + "author": "Happy Tom (Earth)", + "date": "Wednesday 12th June 2002", + "text": "I had one of the orginal Commodore 64's. There was a easy way to tell. There was a error in the main \"kernel\" of the Commodore 64 that caused the computer to freeze up. If you took the cursor down to the very left corner of the srceen and put a three lines of soid charaters like this: fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff. The whole computer would frezze! Still, I miss my happy \"micro-computer\" I really enjoy your site." + }, + { + "author": "Søren Jensen (Denmark)", + "date": "Friday 24th May 2002", + "text": "The C64 is a true legend! I mostly used it for computer games - and it really did the job. Along with other Commodore products (VIC20 and Amiga 500) it is a good friend of my childhood :-)" + }, + { + "author": "Simon Rosseel (Belguim)", + "date": "Sunday 5th May 2002", + "text": "I love the c-64, it is really the best system i ever had!
GREETZZZZZZ" + }, + { + "author": "Bastiaan Winde (The Netherlands)", + "date": "Sunday 5th May 2002", + "text": "Recently I bought the Sequential Circuits Model 64 MIDI-sequencer :-)
Isn't it fun!?" + }, + { + "author": "Peter Badrick (Durham, UK)", + "date": "Thursday 18th April 2002", + "text": "Got my C64 for Xmas '83, and still use it today. It was the beginning of my computing life, and I now have a small collection of Commodore machines." + }, + { + "author": "Jessica Nordyke (Kansas)", + "date": "Wednesday 10th April 2002", + "text": "I loved the c64! Recently, I found out that I was about 9 months old when my father bought the computer. I was forced to give it up when I was about 15 or 16 because it was starting to die. The thing that really bugs me is that the monitor that my father bought for it is still alive and working well to this day. When I came here to this site, I searched for c64 and started to remember the wonderful memories I had of using it as a kid growing up on it. I'm currently working on a web comic about the c64. :)" + }, + { + "author": "ArVie (Belgium)", + "date": "Monday 8th April 2002", + "text": "This was my first computer and still it is my favourite and the GREATEST of all. Now with some good emulators, I can have the old feeling again sometimes. Those were the days..." + }, + { + "author": "Warlock (UK)", + "date": "Tuesday 26th February 2002", + "text": "I remember seeing some AMAZING C-64 demos in \"the day\", most noticably one which played music while multiplexing 128 sprites on the screen... vertically in a sinus pattern (text scrolly :) )

Ah, memories!" + }, + { + "author": "Saar (Israel)", + "date": "Thursday 21st February 2002", + "text": "indeed an amazing computer !!!
i spent most of my childhood programming in basic and logo and enjoying its amazing games...thank you very much for bringing these sweet memories back..." + }, + { + "author": "Joseph Hays (USA)", + "date": "Wednesday 6th February 2002", + "text": "I still use my C64 to this day. No it isn't that powerful, but it is fun" + }, + { + "author": "marco saraceno (italy)", + "date": "Thursday 31st January 2002", + "text": "today,whit this site,my life is changing
i remember some very old moment whit my c64.
thank you www.old_computers.com
(sorry for my english!!)" + }, + { + "author": "darius (croatia)", + "date": "Tuesday 29th January 2002", + "text": "C=64 is the greatest old home computer ever!" + } + ], + "oc_id": 98, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230510155753/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=98", + "date": "2023-05-10" + } + } +} + +

The commodore 64 is, along with the Apple II and the Atari XL computers, the most famous home computer. According to the 2001 edition of Guinness book of records, the C64 was the most "prolific computing device ever manufactured". During its production run from 1982 to... 1993, about 30 million (!) units were sold. To put this number in perspective, that's more than all the Macintoshes in the world.

The C64 was an up-market version of the VIC-20. A wide range of software packages, games and programming languages was available for this machine which was itself available practically anywhere from a toyshop to a business supplier.

Superficially, the C64 closely resembled the VIC-20. It had the same casing, an identical keyboard configuration and virtually the same interfaces and sockets. But the apparent similarity belies some fundamental differences: a MOS 6510 processor and 64 KB of RAM which was quite unusually large at the time for a model of this price range. The C64 also had the ability to recognise user-established priorities by which 'sprites' (or movable blocks) could move independently of displayed text/graphics, enabling the creation of graphics with up to 8 layers.

Music synthesis was performed by a special sound interface chip. Sound envelope could be controlled on all three voices on a full nine octave of each. It was one of the first computers to offer both a high quality sound chip and graphic resolution with many colors and sprites.

A great range of peripherals was developed for this computer and it can also use several of the Vic 20 peripherals.

Several versions of the Commodore 64 were launched :
The first one, C64-1, used the VIC 20 case and was to be quickly replaced with the C64-2 (pictured) which used the famous brown case, and later by the C64-3 with small cosmetic changes in the keyboard.
A special version called Educator 64 or PET64 or CBM 4064 was proposed for schools and uses the PET case.
Commodore produced the first generation of C64s until May 1986, then it was discontinued and they introduced the C64C. According to the 64'er magazine, this version has been planned since the Hannover Fair in 1985, but as the old version sold so well during Christmas '85, its release date was delayed.
Then appeared the C64 "Aldi" (1987, only in Germany) and the C64G (1989). They were virtually same machines, this time with the new, short motherboard. So, although the case might look the same and the label says "Commodore 64", the boards may be completely different.
Finally, the C64GS game console was released in 1990. Basically it was a re-boxed C64, without a keyboard or any other interfaces, except for the cartridge slot on top.

_______________________

Bob Van Sickle reports:
The C 64 was originally developed as a video game machine engine to be used in video arcades. The idea was to have a basic machine which could be programmed for a different game when the previous one became out-of-favor, and one would not have to trash the machine. Hence the good sound and graphics capabilities. What happened? The market here in the states for game arcades collapsed, and Commodore attempted to recoup their investment. This well documented in an article published by the IEEE "Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineering" which I read, but cannot recall the year.

diff --git a/content/museum/kaypro-pc-286i.html b/content/museum/kaypro-pc-286i.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c749179e --- /dev/null +++ b/content/museum/kaypro-pc-286i.html @@ -0,0 +1,213 @@ +{ + "title": "Kaypro PC & 286i", + "categories": [ + "Computers" + ], + "types": [ + "Professional Computer" + ], + "origins": [ + "U.S.A." + ], + "years": [ + "1985" + ], + "cpus": [ + "Intel 80286" + ], + "params": { + "name": "PC & 286i", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/kaypro_desktop_system_s1.jpg", + "company": "/companies/kaypro", + "company_name": "Kaypro", + "specs": [ + [ + "NAME", + "PC & 286i" + ], + [ + "MANUFACTURER", + "Kaypro" + ], + [ + "TYPE", + "Professional Computer" + ], + [ + "ORIGIN", + "U.S.A." + ], + [ + "YEAR", + "1985" + ], + [ + "BUILT IN LANGUAGE", + "None" + ], + [ + "KEYBOARD", + "Standard PC-XT - 84 key" + ], + [ + "CPU", + "Intel 80286 (8086 in the Kaypro PC)" + ], + [ + "SPEED", + "6 then 8 then 12 MHz (1987)" + ], + [ + "CO-PROCESSOR", + "Socket for a 80287 math coprocessor" + ], + [ + "RAM", + "512 KB up to 768 KB" + ], + [ + "VRAM", + "16 KB" + ], + [ + "ROM", + "Unknown" + ], + [ + "TEXT MODES", + "40 or 80 columns x 25 lines" + ], + [ + "GRAPHIC MODES", + "Hercules graphics (720 x 348) or CGA (640 x 200)" + ], + [ + "COLORS", + "16 then 256" + ], + [ + "SOUND", + "Built-in one channel speaker" + ], + [ + "SIZE / WEIGHT", + "52 (W) x 39 (D) x 16 (H) cm (main unit)" + ], + [ + "I/O PORTS", + "1 X Parallel, 2 x Serial, Composite video" + ], + [ + "BUILT IN MEDIA", + "2 x 1.2 MB 5.25'' FDD, optional 20 then 40 MB HDD (2 x 360 KB 5.25'' FDD in the Kaypro PC)" + ], + [ + "OS", + "MS-DOS" + ], + [ + "POWER SUPPLY", + "Built-in switching PSU" + ], + [ + "PERIPHERALS", + "8 ISA slots" + ], + [ + "PRICE", + "From $4500 in 1985 - $2995 in 1987" + ] + ], + "tabs": [ + "photos", + "comments" + ], + "photos": [ + { + "title": "COMPLETE SYSTEM", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "PC-XT monochrome version with original boxes - not in great shape - Manuals and software.

Thanks to Dennis

", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/kaypro_desktop_withboxes_s1.jpg" + } + ], + "comments": [ + { + "author": "Sammy Hill (USA)", + "date": "Sunday 11th July 2021", + "text": "I have a KAPRO PC - 286i that I purchased in around 1985. it was used for personal and business use. We ran spreadsheet and kept ledgers and other programs on it. It has been put away in storage until now. I have all disks and books but can''t get it to load the programs. Keeps showing boot error or non registry disk. Would like to get it operational again and go back into some files. Anyone out there know how to reset and reinstall of the master disks?" + }, + { + "author": "Lee Lichtenwalner (United States)", + "date": "Monday 7th March 2016", + "text": "I used to assemble, service, and sell Kaypro computers in Virginia a long, long time ago. Started with the 8088, then V20, 80286, 80386, and that \"powerhouse\" the 80486. I used to diagnose memory errors at the chip level$yes, one dreadful RAM chip at a time. They were profitable at one point, getting as much as $45 per system on volume. It was an incredible experience$that plus my LichtenA@arpa.net email address...LOL" + }, + { + "author": "Shoal Creek", + "date": "Thursday 10th May 2012", + "text": "My dad bought a Kaypro PC for our family for Christmas, 1986. The model we purchased had a V20 CPU that would toggle between 4.77 and 8.0 MHz. It had 768 KB of RAM (later upgraded to 2 MB with an expansion card) and a 10 MB hard drive (later upgraded to 20 MB, then 32 MB). It came with two DS/DD half-height 5 1/4\" floppy drives. We also added an internal modem. It came with this ATI All-In-Wonder EGA adapter that could emulate full EGA on the green screen that came with it. I wrote my very first program on this computer using GW-BASIC." + }, + { + "author": "Richard (US)", + "date": "Thursday 30th December 2010", + "text": "Howard: If you recall, the Kaypro 286i was not only the first IBM AT compatible computer to hit the market, it was also the first one to WORK! The IBM AT''s had problems accessing their hard drives in their early shipments. Kaypro had specified a different controller chip and avoided the problem, but still shipped the early 286i''s with dual floppy disk drives instead of hard drive versions, just in case. The Kaypro 286i was as close to a bulletproof design as was to be had in those days but the price tag was so high that most buyers opted for the IBM version. The Kaypro''s carried a 30$ margin between selling price and dealer cost, and the IBM units usually carried a 40$+ margin, so Kaypro dealers just didn''t have the room to play with price the way IBM dealers did, plus the Kaypro dealer had no choice but to pay for expensive air shipping, driving up the dealers selling expenses." + }, + { + "author": "Richard (US)", + "date": "Thursday 30th December 2010", + "text": "The Kaypro PC was introduced with a 4.77 MHZ intel 8088 processor and a 10 MB hard drive. Later on, the system was equipped with a switchable processor card that could toggle between 4.77 mhz and 8 mhz (later 4.77/10 mhz), and hard drives were bumped up to 20 and later 30 mb capacities. The system was also available with 2 360KB floppy drives, and later on, the system was shipped sans monitor, video card, and only one floppy drive, giving dealers ultimate flexibility in how the machine was configured for the end-user.

The mainboard was a passive device, supporting the 8 bit bus that connected the processor card to the video card and the multifunction (disk controller/memory/i-o) card and empty expansion slots. Kaypro sold the Kaypro PC as a computer that was upgradeable to run Intel''s 80286 microprocessor, and briefly released an 80286 processor board for installation in the KPC. The problem was that the system was locked into an 8 bit bus, allowing the 80286 processor to have only 8 bit access to system memory, video, and the hard drive. Thus, the slow access to memory and storage held the performance back so much that the speed improvement was barely noticeable. The card sold for about $600 as I remember, and were recalled with little fanfare. The idea of an upgradeable computer was an excellent one, and had there been a way to practically accommodate the need for a 16 bit bus, would have revolutionized the market.

Kaypro was also the only company I know of that guaranteed IBM system compatibility. If you bought a Kaypro PC and it failed to run any business class software that would run on a similar IBM PC, then Kaypro would rewrite the ROM BIOS to \"fix\" the problem at no charge.

And for what it is worth, the \"PC\" in Kaypro PC stood for \"Professional Computer\"." + }, + { + "author": "Dustin (USA)", + "date": "Tuesday 8th June 2010", + "text": "We purchased a Kaypro PC in, I think, 1986. It had an 8086 processor that ran at 8 MHz or 4.77 MHz depending on the position of a toggle switch on the back of the system. Apparently hard disk drives weren''t standard on these models because ours only had two 360 KiB 5.25\" floppy disk drives. We also had the full 640 KiB of RAM installed. I was unaware any model offered 728 KiB until reading this article.

My memory is a bit fuzzy on the specifics, but I remember it coming with MS-DOS 3.1, a version of WordStar, a primitive Windows-like TSR system, and a terminal program for use with a model (which we didn''t own).

I typed many papers on that system. I played a lot of games, too. Populous and SimCity were two of my favorites." + }, + { + "author": "howard boyle", + "date": "Tuesday 1st June 2010", + "text": "the K286i was my 2nd project as an engineering project manager for Kaypro. It was quite a challenge and I believe it was the first \"clone\" of the AT in the market. We had the chassis and chevron front made in Taiwan and the keyboards made in Hong Kong orginally. Our goal what to be plug and part compatable with the IBM AT and it was. The hardest part of the project was decoding the insides of a couple of the IBM proms but we were able to overcome that issue too. The orginal ROM was from Award Software and it was challenging as they were developing the code at the same time we were doing the hardware. I learned a lot from that project. Howad" + }, + { + "author": "Bart (USA)", + "date": "Wednesday 28th April 2010", + "text": "The Kaypro PC was my first computer. The model I had came with an NEC V20 chip for the processor. This started my computer legacy of not having an intel branded processor in any machine until someone gave me a laptop in 2005. I don''t dislike intel it just always worked out that the best deal at the time was not intel. Anyway, my kaypro came with EGA graphics with a monochrome monitor. It came with a low density 5.25 floppy and I added the low density (720 kb) 3.5 inch floppy. Later I added a 32mb seagate rll drive. Then upgraded to vga and added a math coprocessor. The original system cost about 1800.00 US. It served my well and sometimes wish I still had it to tinker with." + }, + { + "author": "Mikko Niska (Finland)", + "date": "Wednesday 28th March 2007", + "text": "The Kaypro I still own was bought July 1987 and it has had no repairs or any maintenance ever since. The only extra part installed has been modem. My Kaypro is PC/XT and it has 30 MB hard disk, 1 floppy disk, PC-DOS 3.21, no mouse and monitor is Eizo 3030 12\" monochrome and printer Epson FX-105. Recent years it has been used by children for playing PC games of late 1980´s. If needed I suppouse the serial number of Kaypro is 402581 - the only number I found from backside. It has been a good computer!" + }, + { + "author": "Sevki Alemdar (Turkey)", + "date": "Wednesday 6th September 2006", + "text": "paid nearly 2000 USD in 1987 from a KAYPRO dealer in Turkey for its 8088 PC version. He took my order and gave me his own 286i. But later on he went bankcrupt and disappeared. So I used this machine till the end of 1993. The main board was very heavy but was very powerfull computer at that time. I still have it in a box." + }, + { + "author": "Mike (Ohio)", + "date": "Wednesday 14th December 2005", + "text": "My first IBM compatible was a Kaypro PC. I went all out and purchased the dual floppy drive machine with a color (CGA) monitor after comparing several machines. My choice was between a Tandy 1000, Epson PC and the Kaypro (which I purchased after seeing positive reviews in Creative Computer and Byte magazines) - if you don't remember those you're not an old-timer like myself. I used it for a number of years, upgrading the video to EGA and adding a 20mb harddrive (for $300!!!) until a lightning strike near my home fried the motherboard (it came in through the phone line, frying the modem and the motherboard). I never upgraded my machine to the 286 level, because both the retailer in Cincinnati and Kaypro had gone under during that time. I ended up trading up to a Gateway 2000 25mhz 386 machine." + }, + { + "author": "Douglas (Alaska)", + "date": "Wednesday 3rd August 2005", + "text": "Our family got one of these machines in 1985. At the time, my grandpa was working for the government and that's what they were using then, so we got one cheap. We had a Intel 8086, but I think we upgraded it later. We also had a 5.25\" floppy drive and a 30MB hard disk. We got the system with Windows 2.1 and then we got Windows 3.1 in 1992. We used the system until 1996, when sadly, one day it crshed completely. It wouldn't recognize a Windows disk. So we got read of it." + }, + { + "author": "Don (Hawaii)", + "date": "Wednesday 15th June 2005", + "text": "I grew up in the area where Kaypro Computers was located. I went to Jr. High right next door to the campus in Solana Beach. Several of my friends ended up working for Kaypro in the early 80's. A good friend of mine became the head of European sales for Kaypro at a tender young age. They were great computers and definitely on the bleeding edge. Too bad Andy Kay decided to close doors but in the end he wasn't able to keep up with the dollars that IBM and others had to wage a marketing war." + }, + { + "author": "G.I. Polak (Netherlands)", + "date": "Wednesday 13rd April 2005", + "text": "Hi,
I still own a KAYPRO PC system and wondered if the brand KAYPRO still existed. My KAYPRO PC had a 30 (!!) MB HDD, and a 5,25'' FDD and an Intel 8086 CPU. Later on I added a CD interface with an external CD player to the system. I also ran MKS toolbox on it, remotely logging on over a 2400 Baud Modem, to the company's NCR 32/800 system I worked for, being able to give remote assistance if needed. Nowadays I have my own Wifi LAN with Linux, Win2000, PDA, cell phone etc. It was great working with th KAYPRO PC experimenting with BASIC, Turbo Pascal, Turbo C, Auto Cad, and even Oracle (!!) and helped me to become a computer engineer." + } + ], + "oc_id": 1044, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230621132431/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=1044", + "date": "2023-06-21" + } + } +} + +

Kaypro's loyalty to customers was legendary. In fact, its refusal to abandon CP/M users dangerously delayed its adoption of the DOS Operating System. Nevertheless, it eventually acceded and was one of the last US manufacturer to introduce a PC compatible system simply named the Kaypro PC

It was most affordable package in the IBM-compatible world including a CAD-capable Samsung monitor and ATI video card capable of Hercules graphics, CGA color, and CGA color emulation on a monochrome monitor. The entry machine was faster than its IBM PC-XT rival. Typically, it was a rugged, dependable desktop PC that immediately out-classed IBM in additional areas by including larger and faster standard hard drives, generous free software combinations, and top-flight ring-bound user documentation.

Still in 1985 came the Kaypro 286i, the very first available PC/AT-compatible system, faster at the same clock speed than the IBM model, it was quickly revised with Intel's latest chip, the 8MHz 286, running over 30% faster than IBM's offering.

Kaypro engineered its own high quality motherboards and introduced upgradable processors in desktop PCs, mounting the computer’s microprocessor on a replaceable expansion card instead of on the expensive motherboard; thus facilitating easy, lower-cost replacement of the processor.

Kaypro pioneered advanced memory usage, managing to squeeze out an additional 128 KB in the first megabyte of standard DOS memory, thus giving users access to the full 728 KB of DOS memory instead of the 640 KB allowed on other systems. This extra memory was available as a fast virtual drive for active data files, greatly speeding computing performance.

In a time when full IBM-compatibility was more often marketing hype than hard reality, Kaypro went beyond the rest of the industry and backed its PCs with the only money-back guarantee of FULL IBM-compatibility. The PC was so good that Kaypro even guaranteed to buy a dissatisfied customer a replacement from IBM if they desired.

Spec. board is for the 286i version - Thanks to Dennis for the pictures.

_______________________

Kaypro versus Leading Edge, by Tim Babcock:
I recall selling that particular model of machine as the 8086 version when I was working for Creative Computers in Seattle.
The 286 version of Kaypro came in a black polished aluminum case. Very eye catching in the store.
Two complaints I would get about the Kaypro PC was that the keyboard was mushy (amazing for a computer that was big for writers and teachers) and not having 640k of memory at the time. We ended up having to upgrade them to 640K for nothing just to compete with the Leading Edge Model D computer which was very popular at the time thanks to Consumer Reports.
We sold quite a few Kaypro computers to government accounts since they were approved for the "Buy American" program that the Regan administration started. Kaypro's were manufactured in Laguna Beach but it was rumored that most of the labor used in the assembly process came from illegal alliens comming in from Mexico.
Once the Leading Edge Model D came out we lost quite a few sales to their computer and the local dealer would beat us most of the time. Our stores would shut down by January of 1986.

Darrin Lee's memories:
I was an employee at Kaypro from 1987 until around 1990. First off, they were made in Solana Beach, not Laguna Beach.
The Kaypro PC came with a wopping 768K of RAM, which was more than the standard 640K. It had some "trick" software that would allow the extra 128K to be used as a virtual drive, a pretty cool thing at the time. We used to make 100's of them, mostly dual floppy, but some were with the very innovative 3.5" 720" drive and a 5.25" 360K floppy.
Then we would make some REAL special ones with a 30MB RLL hard drive. It was an interesting place to work, and an experience I value and still think about today.

Rui M. Dos Santos from Angola recalls:
In Angola we imported these Kaypro machines mainly the 30MB HD version. It had at the time several versions and the concept was nice BUT there were technical problems... Basically the ideia was to have a BASIC box with the Mainboard/HardDrive/FDD etc as one box and then "chase the Processor board according to the user and warranting the user upgrades as, then, the processor industry was going very fast with major diferences from processor to processor-8088/80286/80386 all with diferent clock rates etc.." The concept was nice BUT there were hardware /firmware problems with the "Processor boards"... We in Angola ended up "changing and re-doing all PC´s" replacing the all board by "conventional clone boards"

We need more info about this computer ! If you designed, used, or have more info about this system, please send us pictures or anything you might find useful.
diff --git a/content/museum/magnavox-odyssey-100.html b/content/museum/magnavox-odyssey-100.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5db66ae6 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/museum/magnavox-odyssey-100.html @@ -0,0 +1,138 @@ +{ + "title": "MAGNAVOX Odyssey 100", + "categories": [ + "Pongs" + ], + "origins": [ + "U.S.A." + ], + "years": [ + "1975" + ], + "cpus": [ + "discrete components" + ], + "params": { + "name": "Odyssey 100", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/magnavox_odyssey100_1s.jpg", + "logo": "/media/museum/logos/magnavox_odyssey100_logo.gif", + "company": "/companies/magnavox", + "company_name": "MAGNAVOX", + "specs": [ + [ + "NAME", + "Odyssey 100" + ], + [ + "MANUFACTURER", + "Magnavox" + ], + [ + "ORIGIN", + "U.S.A." + ], + [ + "YEAR", + "1975" + ], + [ + "BUILT IN LANGUAGE", + "tennis, hockey" + ], + [ + "KEYBOARD", + "3 knobs for each player (vertical movements, horizontal movements, english effect)" + ], + [ + "CPU", + "discrete components + Texas Instruments chips" + ], + [ + "SPEED", + "none" + ], + [ + "CO-PROCESSOR", + "game selection (A or B), power ON/OFF, video channel (3 or 4), sound (on/off)" + ], + [ + "RAM", + "on system case (numbered slider)" + ], + [ + "COLORS", + "Black & white" + ], + [ + "SOUND", + "Built-in speaker" + ], + [ + "I/O PORTS", + "RF TV video output" + ], + [ + "OS", + "6 x C cell batteries" + ], + [ + "POWER SUPPLY", + "9V AC external PSU" + ], + [ + "PERIPHERALS", + "no" + ], + [ + "PRICE", + "Unknown" + ] + ], + "tabs": [ + "photos", + "links", + "docs" + ], + "photos": [ + { + "title": "ODYSSEY 100", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "

Thanks to www.pong-story.com for the picture

", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/magnavox_odyssey100_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "ODYSSEY 100 BOX", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/magnavox_odyssey100_box.jpg" + } + ], + "links": [ + { + "title": "www.atariarchives.org", + "url": "http://www.atariarchives.org/bcc2/showpage.php?page=278", + "text": "This excellent web site has a scan of an old article about some Odyssey systems" + }, + { + "title": "www.pong-story.com", + "url": "http://www.pong-story.com/odyssey_other.htm", + "text": "Odyssey dedicated page. Excellent website." + } + ], + "docs": [ + { + "title": "ODYSSEY 100 USER MANUAL", + "url": null, + "cover": "/media/museum/docs/couvs/magnavox_odyssey100_doc.jpg", + "text": "ODYSSEY 100 USER MANUAL
written by Magnavox

 compiled/archived by Unknown
 type of document : ZIP
 size : 532 KB
 source : www.old-computers.com" + } + ], + "oc_id": 1268, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230613152926/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=1268", + "date": "2023-06-13" + } + } +} + +

If Atari started to sell a whole range of PONG systems in 1975, Magnavox (the originator of home video game systems) also started a new range of systems in 1975, the first of which was a much simpler version of the 1972 Odyssey: the Odyssey 100.

Back in 1973, Ralph Baer tried to add new features to his Odyssey (sound, extra components on the cartridges to add more visual effects, etc), and wondered if the new technologies would allow integrating a whole Odyssey in one or more simple integrated circuits. He tracked several semiconductor houses (General Instruments (GI), Texas Instruments (TI), MOSTechnology (MOSTek) and others) to study the feasibility of his new idea. He kept worrying about his idea until may 1974 when Magnavox signed an agreement with Texas Instruments for the design of the chips.

Although TI promised a delivery for january 1975, Magnavox went ahead and made a same design using discrete components, should TI fail to deliver the chips. In the meantime, National Semiconductor proposed a single-chip project which would be ready for january / february 1975. The chip was ready in August 1975, but Magnavox already decided that TI would make the multi-chip design. Thus the Odyssey 100 was released the same year.

The Odyssey 100 used discrete components and four Texas Instruments chips. It did not use cartridges and played two games: TENNIS and HOCKEY. A simple switch selected the games, and the system was either powered by six batteries, or by an AC adaptor (such power supplies were widely used by other systems).

The TENNIS game was very basic. It was formed of two paddles, a vertical line and a ball. Two knobs were used to adjust the game: one to center the vertical line and one to set the ball speed. A little piezzo beeper was used for the few beeps of the games, and each player controlled the game using three knobs (one for moving vertically, one for moving horizontally, and one for the "english" effect which modified the trajectory of the ball to 'fake' the opponent).

The Odyssey 100 was very basic and didn't have the common features of the million-seller PONG systems of the next years. The knobs were fixed: there were no detachable controllers yet. There was no digital on-screen scoring: the players marked their score using two little plastic cursors on the system. The serve couldn't be changed: it was automatic.

This could seem strange compared to the first Atari PONG systems which already had digital on-screen scoring. In fact, this was just a question of technology. On-screen scoring would have required additional components, which would have increased the cost of the system. Nevertheless, on-screen scoring was added in later systems although the first attempts used archaic graphics. The first Magnavox system to offer digital on-screen was the Odyssey 300 in 1976.

The main features of the Odyssey 100 were very basic:

- Action sounds
- Mechanical Scoring
- Top and Bottom Ball Rebound
- Vertical/Horizontal Player Action
- Ball Control
- Speed Control
- Game Select Switch
- On/Off Power Switch

____________

Source: www.pong-story.com

diff --git a/content/museum/magnavox-odyssey.html b/content/museum/magnavox-odyssey.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c73c7ae8 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/museum/magnavox-odyssey.html @@ -0,0 +1,300 @@ +{ + "title": "MAGNAVOX Odyssey", + "categories": [ + "Consoles" + ], + "origins": [ + "U.S.A." + ], + "years": [ + "1972" + ], + "params": { + "name": "Odyssey", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/magnavox_odyssey_1.jpg", + "logo": "/media/museum/logos/magnavox_odyssey_logo.gif", + "company": "/companies/magnavox", + "company_name": "MAGNAVOX", + "specs": [ + [ + "NAME", + "Odyssey" + ], + [ + "MANUFACTURER", + "Magnavox" + ], + [ + "ORIGIN", + "U.S.A." + ], + [ + "YEAR", + "1972" + ], + [ + "END OF PRODUCTION", + "1975" + ], + [ + "BUILT IN LANGUAGE", + "None (sort of), in fact all game games potential are built-in the system. Cartridges are all only there to cable the components and program the different games" + ], + [ + "KEYBOARD", + "2 largish block sized controllers with a round dial on either side." + ], + [ + "CPU", + "None" + ], + [ + "COLORS", + "Black & white" + ], + [ + "SOUND", + "None" + ], + [ + "I/O PORTS", + "Cartridge slot" + ], + [ + "BUILT IN MEDIA", + "Cartridges" + ], + [ + "OS", + "12" + ], + [ + "POWER SUPPLY", + "6 x 'C' batteries. Optional external adaptor (9V, 40MA)" + ], + [ + "PERIPHERALS", + "Optional rifle" + ], + [ + "PRICE", + "$100 (USA, 1972)" + ] + ], + "tabs": [ + "photos", + "adverts", + "emulators", + "links", + "videos", + "comments" + ], + "photos": [ + { + "title": "MAIN UNIT", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/magnavox_odyssey_3.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "ODYSSEY", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/magnavox_odyssey_2.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "FRONT", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/magnavox_odyssey_front.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "TOP", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/magnavox_odyssey_top.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "CONTROLLER", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/magnavox_odyssey_controller.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "CONTROLLER", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/magnavox_odyssey_controller_2.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "LOGO", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/magnavox_odyssey_logo_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "CARTRIDGE", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "Just simple contacts...

Thanks to www.pong-story.com for this picture

", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/magnavox_odyssey_cart-7.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "SOME ACCESSORIES", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/magnavox_odyssey_accessories_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "SCREEN OVERLAYS", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "

Thanks to www.pong-story.com for this picture

", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/magnavox_odyssey_overlays.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "SUITCASE", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "The Odyssey was sold in a suitcase or in a box with all its accessories.", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/magnavox_odyssey_valise_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "IN BOX", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/magnavox_odyssey_in-box.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "BOX", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/magnavox_odyssey_box_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "DOCUMENTATION", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/magnavox_odyssey_doc.jpg" + } + ], + "adverts": [ + { + "title": "FRENCH ADVERT", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "

Thanks to www.pong-story.com for this picture

", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/magnavox_odyssey_advert_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "FRENCH PROMOTIONAL PICTURE", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "

Thanks to www.pong-story.com for this picture

", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/magnavox_odyssey_promo-pic_1.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "GERMAN PROMOTIONAL PICTURE", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "

Thanks to www.pong-story.com for this picture

", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/magnavox_odyssey_promo-pic_2.jpg" + } + ], + "emulators": [ + { + "title": "OdyEmu", + "url": "http://www.pong-story.com/odyemu.htm", + "platform": "MS DOS", + "text": "This is the only emulator available, brought to you by Paul Robson & David Winter" + } + ], + "links": [ + { + "title": "Odyssey FAQ", + "url": "http://www.pong-story.com/o1faq.txt", + "text": "Useful file now maintained by David Winter" + }, + { + "title": "Online Odyssey Museum", + "url": "http://www.magnavox-odyssey.com/", + "text": "Very complete site dedicated to the Odyssey" + }, + { + "title": "Pong-Story.com", + "url": "http://www.pong-story.com/odyssey.htm", + "text": "David has put up the most complete page on the net about the Odyssey. Worth a visit." + } + ], + "videos": [ + { + "title": "Magnavox Odyssey TV Commercial - February 1973", + "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2EIsnr_cv4", + "text": "Length: 29 s" + }, + { + "title": "Ralph Baer and Bill Harrison Play Ping-Pong Video Game, 1969", + "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LsRGUODHlQ", + "text": "Length: 2 min 43 s" + }, + { + "title": "History of the Odyssey", + "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEVoqQ--_xM", + "text": "Length: 6 min 10 s" + }, + { + "title": "Magnavox Odyssey: unreleased Round Ball demo - Winter & Baer", + "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVrYV4Q7l3s", + "text": "Length: 6 min 32 s" + }, + { + "title": "Ralph Baer and Al Alcorn Play Ping-Pong Video Game - 2008", + "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqyDmSobC54", + "text": "Length: 2 min 09 s" + } + ], + "comments": [ + { + "author": "Daniel (spain)", + "date": "Tuesday 9th February 2021", + "text": "In Spain, a clone machine was launched circa 1973. It uses switch rather than cartridges to swap the games." + }, + { + "author": "Tom (USA)", + "date": "Wednesday 29th August 2007", + "text": "Just remember - Pong wasn't the first home video game. Magnavox Odyssey predated it by a year to the month. I worked part time in a Magnavox TV store at the time and we couldn't sell many Odysseys because people thought they had to have a Magnavox TV to use it! People had no previous experience with video games so their ignorance was excuseable." + }, + { + "author": "Alex M. (Seattle, WA)", + "date": "Saturday 4th February 2006", + "text": "The oddysey *IS* a digital system. But rather than using a general purpose CPU it has dedicated game circuitry. The behavior of the ball, and paddles, and the existence of bounce zones, etc, are controlled directly by the cartridge pins. One pin is output of +5V to the cartridge. The rest are all inputs, and the cartridge asserts +5V on any of those inputs to activate a given behavior. So all a cartridge is is wires running from the one input pin to a certain set of outputs, that set varying by cartridge... it's really just a bunch of jumpers!

I am te proud owner of one of these, and when it failed on me, I took it apart and reverse-engineered it so I could figure out how to repait it. :)" + }, + { + "author": "Chad C. (California, USA)", + "date": "Tuesday 24th May 2005", + "text": "SEARS & ROEBUCK offered a simple home-entertainment-system back

in 1974-75 ? It was called: HOCKEY-JOCKARY from Telegames .

It feature some of the games Odyssey had; Practice, Tennis-for-Two,
Jokary, and Hockey . Variants made a total of eight games to be played .

This game system did feature an onscreen player score count of up to 15 !
A Digital Counter of Modulo-16 would be needed for this effect . .

So it might have been analog crktry, but it needed Digital Logic IC's !

Controls were very simple; Potentiometers in handheld dial-knob tubes .
They only created an up or down motion control . .

It was Model# 362.997310" + }, + { + "author": "Chad Castagana (California, USA)", + "date": "Tuesday 24th May 2005", + "text": "The first game of PONG, or 'Tennis For Two' (the first electronic

video game) was realized at Brookhaven Institute .

It utilized the laboratory's Giant Analog Computers

and Relay Logic to create a, on an Oscilloscope Screen,

a game of Tennis For Two(PONG) . .

The article from Old-Computers.com said that this game

console of Magnavox ODYSSEY had no c.p.u. ,

does that mean it had not have digital logic chips ?

It had game cartridges ? Were they not ROM ?

If this was an analog system, then what were the

game cartridges made of ? Was the game system a

hybrid of digital ROM chips and analog video circuitry ?

Sincerely, Chad Castagana, USA" + }, + { + "author": "Steeeeeeev (Atlanta, GA)", + "date": "Thursday 5th August 2004", + "text": "Groan.. I am OLD... My brothers and I had this when we were little... where did 30 years go? : )" + }, + { + "author": "materia_chocomog (Canada)", + "date": "Sunday 29th June 2003", + "text": "Ahh, I remember this.
When I was 8 my friend's mom had one. It was quite cool, although (even to this day) I thought the controllers were really weird.
Funky games, though. Never turn down the chance to play it!!" + }, + { + "author": "Elisha (male) (USA)", + "date": "Monday 9th June 2003", + "text": "I think this system is very cool because it is the first ever system...." + } + ], + "oc_id": 883, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230613152926/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=883", + "date": "2023-06-13" + } + } +} + +

The Magnavox Odyssey was the first home video game system, invented by Ralph Baer, who started work on it as early as 1967. It was then launched in 1972 at the end of which over 100,000 units were sold.

This system is very basic, having no CPU, score mechanism, colour or sound. In fact there were only 40 diodes and 40 transistors inside. Six cartridges could be used to play up to 12 games - sometimes the same cartridges being used more than once to play different games. The large number of game accessories that came with it allowed for different games to be played, with some games using the accessories as a main focus for the game instead of the console. Each game used a plastic transparent colour overlay which was to affixed to the TV set. The overlays compensated for the fact that the Odyssey could only produce a vertical line, a dot for the ball and 2 shorter lines (representing each player controller) on the screen. The overlays were meant to attach to the TV by use of static electricity and smoothed over by hand or a soft cloth, but the instruction manual said if this didn’t work one should use tape instead. It even suggested that you could trim them down to fit your TV set!

The controllers are in fact two largish block sized controllers with a round dial on either side. Twisting the dial on the left for horizontal movement, and the right for vertical movement. An `English’ dial on the left of each one controlled the `deflection ‘ of the ball. Ball speed could also be controlled.

Despite the basic nature of the games by today's standards, the system marked a crucial change in the way people used their TVs. In 1972 the marketing stated that the user could now actually `participate’ in television and not just be a spectator, with the system manual describing it as: `The exciting casino action of Monte Carlo, the thrills of Wimbledon, the challenge of ski trails – can be duplicated right in your own living room.’

The games included tennis, ski, hockey, table tennis, simon says, analogic, states, cat and mouse, submarine, football, haunted house, roulette, invasion and shooting games (with the optional rifle that could be purchased separately). Most games were also played with cards, dices, paper money or game chips delivered with the system.

Odyssey’s cartridges contain no components: they are basically wirejumper sets. When plugging a cartridge into the console, internal diode logic circuits are interconnected in different ways to produce the desired result. As a matter of fact, the Odyssey contains everything to make a game based around a ball, one or two paddles representing the players, and a central or off-side vertical line which serves as a net or a wall. The cartridges act to connect some the machine’s diode logic circuitry to set the aspect and the position of the vertical line (normally centered for ping pong and tennis but located on the left or on the middle for handball and volleyball respectively, or not displayed at all for Chase games and gun games), and to determine the interaction between the ball and the other graphic objects: bounce or erase either a player or a ball spot when there is a collision with a player or the central line (a player could even be erased after a collision with the ball).

________

Text and info from Abi Waddell & David Winter.

diff --git a/content/museum/nec-pc-6601.html b/content/museum/nec-pc-6601.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..02d5b5c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/museum/nec-pc-6601.html @@ -0,0 +1,172 @@ +{ + "title": "NEC PC 6601", + "categories": [ + "Computers" + ], + "types": [ + "Home Computer" + ], + "origins": [ + "Japan" + ], + "years": [ + "1985" + ], + "cpus": [ + "ìPD780C-1" + ], + "params": { + "name": "PC 6601", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/nec_pc6601_1.jpg", + "company": "/companies/nec", + "company_name": "NEC", + "specs": [ + [ + "NAME", + "PC 6601" + ], + [ + "MANUFACTURER", + "NEC" + ], + [ + "TYPE", + "Home Computer" + ], + [ + "ORIGIN", + "Japan" + ], + [ + "YEAR", + "1985" + ], + [ + "BUILT IN LANGUAGE", + "N66 Basic + machine language monitor" + ], + [ + "KEYBOARD", + "Full-stroke keyboard, JIS standard layout, 5 function keys" + ], + [ + "CPU", + "ìPD780C-1 (Z80A compatible)" + ], + [ + "SPEED", + "4 Mhz" + ], + [ + "CO-PROCESSOR", + "ìPD8049 (8 Mhz)" + ], + [ + "RAM", + "64 KB + 1KB (loppy disk interface)" + ], + [ + "VRAM", + "50 KB ?" + ], + [ + "ROM", + "32 KB (Basic + machine language monitor) + 32 KB (chinese characters) + 16 KB (voice data) + 16 KB" + ], + [ + "TEXT MODES", + "40 x 20" + ], + [ + "GRAPHIC MODES", + "80 x 40 (15 colors), 160 x 200 (15 colors), 320 x 200 (4 colors)" + ], + [ + "COLORS", + "15" + ], + [ + "SOUND", + "3 voices, 8 octaves (AY-3-8910)
optional speech synthesizer" + ], + [ + "SIZE / WEIGHT", + "365 (W) ×380 (D) ×113 (H) mm / 4.5 Kg" + ], + [ + "I/O PORTS", + "Tape interface (600/1200 baud), RGB video output, composite video output, RF TV output, parallel interface, optional RS-232c interface" + ], + [ + "BUILT IN MEDIA", + "One or two 3.5'' floppy disk drive (SS/DD 143 KB)" + ], + [ + "POWER SUPPLY", + "PSU built-in" + ], + [ + "PERIPHERALS", + "Grpahics tablet, speech synthesizer" + ], + [ + "PRICE", + "143 000 yen (Japan, 1985)" + ] + ], + "tabs": [ + "photos", + "adverts", + "links", + "comments" + ], + "photos": [ + { + "title": "PC-6601", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/nec_pc6601_monitor.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "REAR", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/photos/nec_pc6601_rear.jpg" + } + ], + "adverts": [ + { + "title": "JAPANESE ADVERT (1985)", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "

Thanks to Pugly's web site for this picture.

", + "image": "/media/museum/adverts/nec_pc6601_advert.jpg" + } + ], + "links": [ + { + "title": "Toragiku's Museum", + "url": "http://my.reset.jp/~toragiku/kopa/6601.htm", + "text": "Our info comes from this page. More interesting pictures there!" + } + ], + "comments": [ + { + "author": "MacDeath (France)", + "date": "Monday 28th February 2011", + "text": "As told concerning the PC 6001 MK II, this computer is quite similar to an Amstrad CPC... and Like the british CPC664 or CPC6128 is supplied with in-built diskDrive.

But on CPC it was the \"exotic\" 3\"inch diskdrive.

Would be fun to see if the two computers may actually be compatible provided some minor Hacks or emulation..." + }, + { + "author": "stefo", + "date": "Friday 13rd August 2010", + "text": "This \"Basic N66\" is an enhancement of the Basic found in PC-6001 MK2 but is the same Basic that can be found on the PC-6001 MK2 SR (Basic N66 $ N66SR)" + } + ], + "oc_id": 395, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230606195003/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=395", + "date": "2023-06-06" + } + } +} + +

The PC-6601 is basicaly a PC-6001 MK2 with a built-in 3.5'' disk drive. The second optional disk drive could also be mounted. The N60m Basic od the PC-6001 MK2 has been enhanced to the N66 Basic.

The japanese adverts focused on the fact that this computer could sing with its optional speech synthesizer!

More info badly needed!

diff --git a/content/software/_index.html b/content/software/_index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..34824210 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/software/_index.html @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +{ + "title": "Software" +} + + diff --git a/content/software/hockey.html b/content/software/hockey.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3c64f3b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/software/hockey.html @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +{ + "title": "Hockey", + "years": [ + "1973" + ], + "params": { + "specs": [ + [ + "year of release", + "1973" + ], + [ + "companies", + "company unknown" + ], + [ + "type", + "game" + ], + [ + "media", + "arcade cabinet" + ] + ], + "oc_id": 771, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20090905090904/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/software_detail.asp?id=771", + "date": "2009-09-05" + } + } +} + + diff --git a/content/software/kasumi-ninja.html b/content/software/kasumi-ninja.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..30343295 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/software/kasumi-ninja.html @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +{ + "title": "Kasumi Ninja", + "tags": [ + "2d", + "beat 'em up" + ], + "years": [ + "1994" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/museum/software/jag_kasumi_ninja_t.png", + "specs": [ + [ + "year of release", + "1994" + ], + [ + "companies", + "Atari (publisher), Hand Made Software (developer)" + ], + [ + "type", + "game" + ], + [ + "media", + "cartridge" + ], + [ + "systems", + "Atari Jaguar compatible systems" + ], + [ + "number of players", + "1 - 2 players (versus)" + ] + ], + "screenshots": [ + { + "title": "title screen", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/jag_kasumi_ninja_t.png" + } + ], + "oc_id": 12, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230207191335/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/software_detail.asp?id=12", + "date": "2023-02-07" + } + } +} + + diff --git a/content/software/super-mahjong.html b/content/software/super-mahjong.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2f33cb86 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/software/super-mahjong.html @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +{ + "title": "Super Mahjong", + "tags": [ + "mahjong", + "mind games" + ], + "years": [ + "1984" + ], + "params": { + "image": "/media/museum/software/epoch_scv_super-mahjong_box2_m.jpg", + "specs": [ + [ + "year of release", + "1984" + ], + [ + "companies", + "Epoch" + ], + [ + "type", + "game" + ], + [ + "media", + "cartridge" + ], + [ + "systems", + "Epoch Super Cassette Vision" + ], + [ + "number of players", + "1 player" + ] + ], + "screenshots": [ + { + "title": "", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/epoch_scv_super-mahjong_s1.png" + }, + { + "title": "cartridge", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/epoch_scv_mahjong_cart.jpg" + }, + { + "title": "", + "subtitle": "", + "text": "", + "image": "/media/museum/software/epoch_scv_super-mahjong_box2.jpg" + } + ], + "oc_id": 295, + "source": { + "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220707113517/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/software_detail.asp?id=295", + "date": "2022-07-07" + } + } +} + + diff --git a/data/slugs.json b/data/slugs.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..42454d42 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/slugs.json @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +{ + "article": { + "10": "pianeta-amiga-2001", + "11": "ceo-oric-meet-january-2002", + "12": "oric-2-pc-pc-2-oric", + "13": "sio2ide-or-how-to-install-a-hard-disk-in-your-8-bit-atari", + "14": "rca-studio-2-build-your-own-switchbox", + "15": "interview-of-derek-andrews-programmer-of-leap-frog-and-munch-crunch-for-the-voltmace-database", + "16": "interview-of-richard-clayton-founder-of-locomotive-software", + "17": "interview-of-william-poel-past-director-of-ambit-and-founder-of-amsoft", + "18": "old-computers-videogames-exposition-2005", + "19": "first-philadelphia-computer-music-festival", + "2": "expo-99-in-bordeaux", + "4": "obscure-systems-the-cartridge-pongs-family", + "5": "obscure-systems-rca-studio-ii-and-clones", + "6": "obscure-systems-sd-2xx-systems", + "7": "obscure-systems-interton-vc-4000-clones", + "8": "obscure-systems-arcadia-2001-and-clones", + "9": "vieumikro-2001" + }, + "company": { + "246": "magnavox", + "26": "commodore", + "8": "apple", + "90": "nec", + "92": "kaypro" + }, + "fun": { + "1003": "ibm-pc", + "1004": "commodore-64", + "1005": "hewlett-packard-hp-120", + "1006": "atari-tt-030", + "1007": "sharp-mz-80k", + "1010": "asteroids-rulez-1010", + "1011": "jonhatan-and-stanlislas", + "1012": "ti-99-4-a-advert", + "1013": "toshiba-hx-10-advert", + "1014": "vic-20-promotional-picture", + "1015": "videopac-family", + "1016": "zx-81-advert", + "1017": "atari-vcs-2600-bike-model", + "1018": "old-computers-com-artwork", + "1019": "computer-history", + "11": "applemania", + "12": "computer-scientist-wanted", + "15": "barbie-and-ken-play-the-intellivision", + "18": "odyssey-1-french-advert", + "19": "as-fast-as-a-quick-disk-drive", + "20": "anorexic-billou", + "21": "do-i-really-look-that-stupid", + "23": "atari-aerobics", + "24": "vcs-2600-bike", + "25": "jonathan-stanislas", + "26": "videopac-family-life", + "27": "zx-81-high-technology", + "28": "yannick-noah-tennis", + "29": "i-just-come-back-from-jogging", + "30": "the-silver-vic-owned-by-a-mime", + "31": "who-s-keeping-up-with-commodore", + "32": "dai-portable-system", + "33": "the-success-according-to-apple", + "34": "happy-lawyers", + "35": "mr-pocket", + "37": "leave-me-some-room", + "38": "nes-box", + "39": "welcome-to-someday", + "4": "women-like-frogs", + "40": "something-s-wrong", + "41": "what-if", + "42": "a-handle-for-the-pet", + "43": "atari-they-laughed", + "44": "the-better-alternative", + "45": "portable-osborne-1", + "46": "french-pong-advert", + "47": "atari-promotional-clothes", + "48": "the-kitchen-computer", + "49": "prodigy-young-and-brilliant", + "50": "heathkit-happyness", + "51": "re-introducing-spectrum-games-on-amstrad-phones", + "52": "thomson-you-make-me-micro", + "53": "heartless-compaq", + "54": "the-result-was-2", + "55": "indian-computer-shop", + "56": "dumb-terminal", + "58": "german-couple-in-bed", + "6": "asteroids-rulez", + "7": "to-chie-bas" + }, + "history": { + "1": "space-invaders", + "10": "bbs-the-world-wide-web-father", + "11": "apple-disk-ii-the-apple-ii-second-birth", + "12": "ada-birth", + "16": "french-logabax-lx-500-launched", + "17": "k-r-first-edition", + "18": "north-star-horizon-announced", + "19": "building-its-own-s-100-bus-based-system", + "20": "vax-11-780-the-first-vax-system", + "21": "ti-launches-a-new-eprom-chip", + "22": "bally-professional-arcade-is-announced", + "23": "arcnet-the-first-local-area-network", + "24": "heathkit-presents-its-first-computer", + "25": "14-computerland-stores-already-opened", + "26": "fortran-microsoft-s-second-programming-language", + "27": "trs-80-model-1-now-available", + "28": "atari-reveals-its-new-vcs-video-game-console", + "29": "first-texas-instruments-ti-57-sales", + "3": "exidy-announces-its-sorcerer", + "30": "software-records-a-bad-idea", + "31": "commodore-introduces-the-pet", + "32": "lear-siegler-introduces-the-adm-3a-video-display-terminal-vdt", + "33": "the-z80-a-becomes-available-in-production-quantities", + "34": "mits-altair-company-is-sold-to-pertec", + "35": "apple-ii-first-deliveries", + "36": "click-and-spell", + "37": "sinclair-mk-14", + "38": "tcp-ip", + "39": "abc-80", + "4": "intel-introduces-the-8086-microprocessor", + "40": "university-computer-lab-in-1978", + "41": "micropro-s-first-word-processor-software", + "42": "softside-first-issue-released", + "43": "4164", + "44": "xerox-alto", + "45": "digital-vt-100", + "46": "atari-unveils-its-400-and-800-home-computers", + "47": "dan-bricklin-and-bob-frankston-form-software-arts-corporation", + "48": "nec-pc-8001-the-birth-of-the-japanese-home-computer-industry", + "49": "the-first-version-of-flight-simulator-is-launched", + "5": "microsoft-cobol-80-released", + "50": "commodore-pet-vs-sharp-mz-80k", + "51": "alan-shugart-founds-shugart-technology", + "52": "zilog-z8000", + "53": "first-smileys", + "54": "texas-instruments-ti-99-4-first-16-bit-home-computer", + "55": "apple-announces-its-third-computer-the-apple-ii", + "56": "the-8088-first-intel-s-really-successful-cpu", + "57": "tandy-announces-the-trs-80-model-ii", + "58": "outer-space", + "59": "the-mother-of-all-demos", + "6": "bsd-unix", + "60": "computers-some-history-and-background-1", + "61": "computers-some-history-and-background-2", + "62": "computers-some-history-and-background-3", + "63": "computers-some-history-and-background-4", + "65": "computers-some-history-and-background-5", + "66": "commodore-international-is-founded", + "69": "8008-microprocessor-released-by-intel", + "7": "adventureland", + "70": "dick-heiser-opens-the-first-computer-store-arrowhead-computers", + "71": "stan-veit-opens-computer-mart-of-new-york", + "8": "david-packard-and-william-hewlett", + "9": "ibm-yellowstone" + }, + "machine": { + "1044": "kaypro-pc-286i", + "1268": "magnavox-odyssey-100", + "395": "nec-pc-6601", + "68": "apple-ii", + "883": "magnavox-odyssey", + "98": "commodore-c64" + }, + "software": { + "12": "kasumi-ninja", + "295": "super-mahjong", + "771": "hockey" + } +} diff --git a/hugo.toml b/hugo.toml new file mode 100644 index 00000000..95b9def3 --- /dev/null +++ b/hugo.toml @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +baseURL = "/" +title = "Old-Computers.com" +locale = "en" +disableKinds = ["rss"] +enableRobotsTXT = true +# pages keep working when the site is served from a sub-directory +relativeURLs = true + +[params] + description = "The Old-Computers.com museum of computers, consoles and pongs, rebuilt from the Wayback Machine archive." + +[taxonomies] + category = "categories" + type = "types" + origin = "origins" + year = "years" + cpu = "cpus" + tag = "tags" + topic = "topics" + rubric = "rubrics" + collection = "collections" + +[menus] + [[menus.main]] + name = "Museum" + pageRef = "/museum" + weight = 10 + [[menus.main]] + name = "Companies" + pageRef = "/companies" + weight = 20 + [[menus.main]] + name = "Software" + pageRef = "/software" + weight = 30 + [[menus.main]] + name = "History" + pageRef = "/history" + weight = 40 + [[menus.main]] + name = "Magazine" + pageRef = "/magazine" + weight = 50 + [[menus.main]] + name = "Fun" + pageRef = "/fun" + weight = 60 + +[markup.goldmark.renderer] + unsafe = true + +# the recovered pages are stored as HTML content files (already cleaned by the extraction pipeline) +[security] + allowContent = ['.*'] diff --git a/layouts/404.html b/layouts/404.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7011d30a --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/404.html @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +{{ define "main" }} +

Page not found

+

This page was not recovered, or never existed. Try the home page.

+{{ end }} diff --git a/layouts/_partials/browse.html b/layouts/_partials/browse.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..06c7259d --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/_partials/browse.html @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + diff --git a/layouts/_partials/entries.html b/layouts/_partials/entries.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..029865ad --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/_partials/entries.html @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +{{/* list of {title, url, text, platform} */}} +
+ {{ range . }} +
{{ if .url }}{{ .title | default .url }}{{ else }}{{ .title }}{{ end }}{{ with .platform }} {{ . }}{{ end }}
+ {{ with .text }}
{{ . | safeHTML }}
{{ end }} + {{ end }} +
diff --git a/layouts/_partials/gallery.html b/layouts/_partials/gallery.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..62ff69d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/_partials/gallery.html @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +{{/* list of {title, subtitle, text, image} */}} +
+ {{ range $item := . }} +
+ {{ with .image }}{{ $item.title }}{{ end }} +
+ {{ with .title }}{{ . }}{{ end }} + {{ with .subtitle }}{{ . }}{{ end }} + {{ with .text }}
{{ . | safeHTML }}
{{ end }} +
+
+ {{ end }} +
diff --git a/layouts/_partials/grouped.html b/layouts/_partials/grouped.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..630aa306 --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/_partials/grouped.html @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +{{/* section pages grouped by .Params.group; "cards" shows thumbnails */}} +{{ range .pages.GroupByParam "group" }} +

{{ .Key }}

+{{ if $.cards }} +
+ {{ range .Pages.ByTitle }} + {{ with .Params.image }}{{ end }}{{ .Title }} + {{ end }} +
+{{ else }} + +{{ end }} +{{ end }} diff --git a/layouts/_partials/letters.html b/layouts/_partials/letters.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..13601d14 --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/_partials/letters.html @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +{{/* alphabetical index of pages, grouped by first character of the title */}} +{{ $groups := dict }} +{{ range . }} + {{ $l := upper (substr .Title 0 1) }} + {{ if not (findRE `^[A-Z]$` $l) }}{{ $l = "#" }}{{ end }} + {{ $groups = merge $groups (dict $l ((index $groups $l | default slice) | append .)) }} +{{ end }} +

+ {{ range $l, $_ := $groups }}{{ $l }} {{ end }} +

+{{ range $l, $pages := $groups }} +

{{ $l }}

+{{ partial "page-list.html" $pages }} +{{ end }} diff --git a/layouts/_partials/link-list.html b/layouts/_partials/link-list.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cd200105 --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/_partials/link-list.html @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{{/* list of page paths -> links */}} + diff --git a/layouts/_partials/machine-header.html b/layouts/_partials/machine-header.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..880ff5d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/_partials/machine-header.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{{/* dict "machine" "tab" */}} +{{ $m := .machine }} +{{ $labels := dict "photos" "Photos" "adverts" "Adverts" "hardware" "Hardware" "connectors" "Connectors" "software" "Software" "emulators" "Emulators" "links" "Links" "docs" "Docs" "videos" "Videos" "comments" "Comments" }} +
+

+ Museum + {{ with $m.GetTerms "categories" }}{{ range first 1 . }} › {{ .LinkTitle }}{{ end }}{{ end }} + {{ with $m.Params.company }}{{ with site.GetPage . }} › {{ .Title }}{{ end }}{{ end }} +

+

{{ with $m.Params.logo }}{{ end }}{{ $m.Title }}

+ +
diff --git a/layouts/_partials/page-list.html b/layouts/_partials/page-list.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..336c129c --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/_partials/page-list.html @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +{{/* table of pages: machines get company/year/type columns */}} + + + {{ range . }} + + + + + + + {{ end }} + +
{{ .Title }}{{ partial "terms.html" (dict "page" . "taxonomy" "years") }}{{ partial "terms.html" (dict "page" . "taxonomy" "types") }}{{ partial "terms.html" (dict "page" . "taxonomy" "tags") }}{{ partial "terms.html" (dict "page" . "taxonomy" "topics") }}{{ partial "terms.html" (dict "page" . "taxonomy" "origins") }}
diff --git a/layouts/_partials/specs.html b/layouts/_partials/specs.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e891890f --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/_partials/specs.html @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + + + {{ range . }} + + {{ end }} + +
{{ index . 0 }}{{ index . 1 | safeHTML }}
diff --git a/layouts/_partials/taxonomy-label.html b/layouts/_partials/taxonomy-label.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5a2de87a --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/_partials/taxonomy-label.html @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +{{- $labels := dict "category" "category" "type" "type" "origin" "country" "year" "year" "cpu" "CPU" "tag" "software tag" "topic" "topic" "rubric" "rubric" "collection" "collection" -}} +{{- index $labels . | default . -}} diff --git a/layouts/_partials/terms.html b/layouts/_partials/terms.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e2c888ae --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/_partials/terms.html @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +{{/* links to the terms of one taxonomy for a page: dict "page" . "taxonomy" "years" */}} +{{- range $i, $t := .page.GetTerms .taxonomy -}} +{{- if $i }}, {{ end }}{{ $t.LinkTitle }} +{{- end -}} diff --git a/layouts/baseof.html b/layouts/baseof.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..54ea61b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/baseof.html @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + + + + + + {{ block "title" . }}{{ if not .IsHome }}{{ .Title }} · {{ end }}{{ site.Title }}{{ end }} + + {{ with resources.Get "css/main.css" | minify | fingerprint }} + + {{ end }} + + +
+ OLD-COMPUTERS.COM + +
+
+ {{ block "main" . }}{{ end }} +
+
+ {{ with .Params.source }} +

Recovered from the Wayback Machine capture of {{ .date }}.

+ {{ end }} +

Content © its original authors at Old-Computers.com. Rebuilt from the Internet Archive.

+
+ + diff --git a/layouts/companies/section.html b/layouts/companies/section.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..66ef787d --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/companies/section.html @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +{{ define "main" }} +

{{ .Title }}

+

{{ len .RegularPages }} manufacturers.

+
    + {{ range .RegularPages.ByTitle }} +
  • {{ .Title }} ({{ len .Params.machines }})
    • + {{ end }} +
+{{ end }} diff --git a/layouts/companies/single.html b/layouts/companies/single.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..65d3c910 --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/companies/single.html @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +{{ define "main" }} +
+

Companies

+

{{ with .Params.logo }}{{ end }}{{ .Title }}

+
{{ .Content }}
+ {{ with .Params.machines }} +

Systems

+ {{ $pages := slice }} + {{ range . }}{{ with site.GetPage . }}{{ $pages = $pages | append . }}{{ end }}{{ end }} + {{ partial "page-list.html" $pages }} + {{ end }} +
+{{ end }} diff --git a/layouts/fun/section.html b/layouts/fun/section.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..83c40a5f --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/fun/section.html @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +{{ define "main" }} +

{{ .Title }}

+{{ partial "grouped.html" (dict "pages" .RegularPages "cards" true) }} +{{ end }} diff --git a/layouts/history/section.html b/layouts/history/section.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7f651c38 --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/history/section.html @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +{{ define "main" }} +

{{ .Title }}

+

Browse by topic

+
    + {{ range .RegularPages.ByDate }} +
  1. + + {{ .Title }} + {{ partial "terms.html" (dict "page" . "taxonomy" "topics") }} +
    2. + {{ end }} +
+{{ end }} diff --git a/layouts/history/single.html b/layouts/history/single.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..842ffeea --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/history/single.html @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +{{ define "main" }} +
+

History{{ with .GetTerms "topics" }} › {{ partial "terms.html" (dict "page" $ "taxonomy" "topics") }}{{ end }}

+

{{ .Title }}

+ {{ with .Params.when }}

{{ . }}

{{ end }} +
{{ .Content }}
+ +
+{{ end }} diff --git a/layouts/home.html b/layouts/home.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..41a38f70 --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/home.html @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +{{ define "main" }} +

{{ .Title }}

+
{{ .Content }}
+
+ {{ range site.Menus.main }} + {{ with .Page }} + + {{ .Title }} + {{ len .RegularPages }} {{ if eq (len .RegularPages) 1 }}page{{ else }}pages{{ end }} + + {{ end }} + {{ end }} +
+

Browse the museum

+{{ partial "browse.html" . }} +{{ end }} diff --git a/layouts/list.html b/layouts/list.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c5adac42 --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/list.html @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +{{ define "main" }} +

{{ .Title }}

+
{{ .Content }}
+{{ partial "page-list.html" .RegularPages.ByTitle }} +{{ end }} diff --git a/layouts/machine-tabs/single.html b/layouts/machine-tabs/single.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3357b1c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/machine-tabs/single.html @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +{{ define "title" }}{{ .Title }} – {{ .Params.tab | title }} · {{ site.Title }}{{ end }} +{{ define "main" }} +{{ $m := site.GetPage .Params.machine }} +{{ $tab := .Params.tab }} +{{ $p := $m.Params }} +
+ {{ partial "machine-header.html" (dict "machine" $m "tab" $tab) }} + + {{ if in (slice "photos" "adverts" "hardware" "connectors") $tab }} + {{ partial "gallery.html" (index $p $tab) }} + + {{ else if eq $tab "software" }} + {{ with $p.software }}

Software in the museum

{{ partial "link-list.html" . }}{{ end }} + {{ with $p.screenshots }}

Screenshots

{{ partial "gallery.html" . }}{{ end }} + + {{ else if eq $tab "links" }} + {{ with $p.related }}

Related systems

{{ partial "link-list.html" . }}{{ end }} + {{ with $p.links }}

Web links

{{ partial "entries.html" . }}{{ end }} + + {{ else if in (slice "emulators" "videos") $tab }} + {{ partial "entries.html" (index $p $tab) }} + + {{ else if eq $tab "docs" }} +
+ {{ range $p.docs }} +
+ {{ with .cover }}{{ end }} +
+ {{ if .text }}
{{ .text | safeHTML }}
+ {{ else }}{{ .title }}{{ end }} +
+
+ {{ end }} +
+ + {{ else if eq $tab "comments" }} +

Comments left by visitors of the original site. New comments are closed.

+
    + {{ range $p.comments }} +
  1. +

    {{ .author }}{{ with .date }} · {{ . }}{{ end }}

    +
    {{ .text | safeHTML }}
    +
    2. + {{ end }} +
+ {{ end }} +
+{{ end }} diff --git a/layouts/magazine/section.html b/layouts/magazine/section.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..120dae32 --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/magazine/section.html @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +{{ define "main" }} +

{{ .Title }}

+{{ partial "grouped.html" (dict "pages" .RegularPages "cards" false) }} +{{ end }} diff --git a/layouts/museum/section.html b/layouts/museum/section.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4413652d --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/museum/section.html @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{{ define "main" }} +

{{ .Title }}

+

{{ len .RegularPages }} systems.

+{{ partial "browse.html" . }} +{{ partial "letters.html" (.RegularPages.ByTitle) }} +{{ end }} diff --git a/layouts/museum/single.html b/layouts/museum/single.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..17ce8f5d --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/museum/single.html @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{{ define "main" }} +
+ {{ partial "machine-header.html" (dict "machine" . "tab" "") }} + {{ with .Params.image }}{{ $.Title }}{{ end }} +
{{ .Content }}
+ {{ with .Params.specs }}{{ partial "specs.html" . }}{{ end }} +
+{{ end }} diff --git a/layouts/single.html b/layouts/single.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..419ac9eb --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/single.html @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +{{ define "main" }} +
+ {{ with .Parent }}{{ if not .IsHome }}

{{ .Title }}{{ with $.Params.group }} › {{ . }}{{ end }}

{{ end }}{{ end }} +

{{ .Title }}

+
{{ .Content }}
+
+{{ end }} diff --git a/layouts/software/section.html b/layouts/software/section.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5cca9608 --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/software/section.html @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +{{ define "main" }} +

{{ .Title }}

+

{{ len .RegularPages }} titles. Browse by tag.

+{{ partial "letters.html" (.RegularPages.ByTitle) }} +{{ end }} diff --git a/layouts/software/single.html b/layouts/software/single.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..66585eb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/software/single.html @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +{{ define "main" }} +
+

Software

+

{{ .Title }}

+
{{ .Content }}
+ {{ with .Params.specs }}{{ partial "specs.html" . }}{{ end }} + {{ with .GetTerms "tags" }}

Tags: {{ partial "terms.html" (dict "page" $ "taxonomy" "tags") }}

{{ end }} + {{ with .Params.machines }}

Systems

{{ partial "link-list.html" . }}{{ end }} + {{ with .Params.screenshots }}

Screenshots

{{ partial "gallery.html" . }}{{ end }} +
+{{ end }} diff --git a/layouts/taxonomy.html b/layouts/taxonomy.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..de480fab --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/taxonomy.html @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +{{ define "title" }}By {{ partial "taxonomy-label.html" .Data.Singular }} · {{ site.Title }}{{ end }} +{{ define "main" }} +

By {{ partial "taxonomy-label.html" .Data.Singular }}

+ +{{ end }} diff --git a/layouts/term.html b/layouts/term.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0816be6b --- /dev/null +++ b/layouts/term.html @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{{ define "main" }} +

By {{ partial "taxonomy-label.html" .Data.Singular }}

+

{{ .Title }}

+{{ range .Pages.GroupBy "Section" }} +

{{ with site.GetPage (printf "/%s" .Key) }}{{ .Title }}{{ end }} ({{ len .Pages }})

+{{ partial "page-list.html" .Pages.ByTitle }} +{{ end }} +{{ end }} diff --git a/static/media/fun/ecards/ecard_computer-history.jpg b/static/media/fun/ecards/ecard_computer-history.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e628c00a Binary files /dev/null and b/static/media/fun/ecards/ecard_computer-history.jpg differ diff --git a/static/media/fun/ecards/ecard_misc_old-computers.jpg b/static/media/fun/ecards/ecard_misc_old-computers.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d60137ff Binary files /dev/null and b/static/media/fun/ecards/ecard_misc_old-computers.jpg differ diff --git a/static/media/fun/ecards/stamp_aerobic_bike.jpg b/static/media/fun/ecards/stamp_aerobic_bike.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2160a8f9 Binary files /dev/null and b/static/media/fun/ecards/stamp_aerobic_bike.jpg differ diff --git a/static/media/fun/ecards/stamp_asteroids_rule.jpg b/static/media/fun/ecards/stamp_asteroids_rule.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e59bd851 Binary files /dev/null and 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00000000..76dd2a9c Binary files /dev/null and b/static/media/museum/software/jag_kasumi_ninja_t.png differ diff --git a/tools/check_links.py b/tools/check_links.py new file mode 100755 index 00000000..523b0f86 --- /dev/null +++ b/tools/check_links.py @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +"""Check that every internal link and image of the built site points to an existing file. + +Usage: tools/check_links.py [public] (exit status 1 when something is broken) +""" +import html +import re +import sys +from pathlib import Path +from urllib.parse import unquote, urldefrag, urlparse + +# minified pages drop the quotes around simple attribute values +ATTR = re.compile(r'\b(?:href|src)=(?:"([^"]*)"|\'([^\']*)\'|([^\s>"\']+))', re.I) + + +def main(): + root = Path(sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else "public").resolve() + broken, checked = {}, 0 + for page in sorted(root.rglob("*.html")): + text = page.read_text(encoding="utf-8", errors="replace") + for url in {a or b or c for a, b, c in ATTR.findall(text)}: + url = urldefrag(html.unescape(url))[0] + parsed = urlparse(url) + if not url or parsed.scheme or parsed.netloc: + continue # external link, mailto:, pure anchor + path = unquote(parsed.path) + target = (root / path.lstrip("/")) if path.startswith("/") else (page.parent / path) + target = target.resolve() + if target.is_dir(): + target = target / "index.html" + checked += 1 + if not target.is_file(): + broken.setdefault(url, []).append(str(page.relative_to(root))) + print(f"{checked} internal references checked, {len(broken)} broken") + for url, pages in sorted(broken.items()): + print(f" {url} (in {pages[0]}{f' and {len(pages) - 1} more' if len(pages) > 1 else ''})") + sys.exit(1 if broken else 0) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + main()