website/content/museum/acorn-computer-atom.md

title, categories, types, origins, years, cpus, params

title	categories	types	origins	years	cpus	params
Acorn Computer ATOM	Computers	Home Computer	United Kingdom	1980	6502	name image company company_name specs tabs forum_thread photos adverts hardware screenshots emulators links docs related oc_id source ATOM /media/museum/photos/acorn_atom_system_s2.jpg /companies/acorn-computer Acorn Computer label value NAME ATOM label value MANUFACTURER Acorn Computer label value TYPE Home Computer label value ORIGIN United Kingdom label value YEAR 1980 label value END OF PRODUCTION 1983 label value BUILT IN LANGUAGE Basic, machine-code label value KEYBOARD QWERTY, full-stroke keyboard, 60 keys\ ESC, BREAK, COPY, DELETE, CTRL, RETURN, LOCK, SHIFT (x2), REPT, arrow keys (x2) label value CPU 6502 label value SPEED 1 mHz label value CO-PROCESSOR 6847 Video Display Generator, PIA 8255 (keyboard & tape) label value RAM 2 KB (up to 12 KB, or 32 KB using external RAM expansion kit. ) label value VRAM 6 KB label value ROM 8 KB (Atom BASIC and COS), up to 16 KB label value TEXT MODES 32 x 24 / 16 x 12 label value GRAPHIC MODES 64 x 64 (4 colors), 64 x 96 (4 colors), 128 x 96 (monochrome), 64 x 192 (4 colors), 128 x 192 (2 colors), 256 x 192 (monochrome) label value COLORS 8 label value SOUND Built-in beeper label value SIZE / WEIGHT 15'' long x 9.5'' deep x 2.5'' high label value I/O PORTS Tape interface, UHF Modulated TV output, Acorn Bus Extension label value POWER SUPPLY External PSU - 8v 2A label value PRICE kit: £120\ Built : £170\ 50£ (UK, 1983)\ 381 (France, 82) photos adverts hardware software emulators links docs 95 title subtitle text image ACORN ATOM /media/museum/photos/acorn_atom_system_s3.jpg title subtitle text image FRONT VIEW /media/museum/photos/acorn_atom_frontview_s1.jpg title subtitle text image SIDES /media/museum/photos/acorn_atom_sides_s1.jpg title subtitle text image KEYBOARD CLOSE-UP /media/museum/photos/acorn_atom_keyboard_s1.jpg title subtitle text image REAR CONNECTORS The lead was a common add-on allowing to connect a composite monochrome monitor instead of using the RF modulator. /media/museum/photos/acorn_atom_connectors_s1.jpg title subtitle text image MOTHERBOARD #1 **(1)** Optional bus buffers. Must be installed when cards are connected to the expansion connector\ **(2)** Optional 6522 VIA chip used for the Centronics interface and hardware timers\ **(3)** 6 KB user RAM (12x2114 chips). The Atom was normally delivered with 1 KB RAM\ **(4)** Parallel Centronics connector\ **(5)** 4 KB integer BASIC ROM (top) and floating point expansion ROM (bottom)\ **(6)** 6502 CPU, here a Signetics version\ **(7)** The utility ROM socket allows a third 4 KB ROM chip to be added.\ **(8)** This motherboard version doesn't feature power regulators. Power leads are directly soldered onto the board and allow a 5V DC PSU to be connected\ **(9)** 8255 I/O chip in charge of most of the system I/O (keyboard, tape, video)\ **(10)** Motorola 6847 video controller. Manages text and graphic modes\ **(11)** 6 KB video RAM memory, also 2114 chips, only 1 KB is available in the basic version. /media/museum/photos/acorn_atom_mainboard_s1.jpg title subtitle text image MOTHERBOARD #2 This version has dual built-in 5V regulators, below the aluminium heat sink, and the BBC BASIC expansion card (surrounded) /media/museum/photos/acorn_atom_mainboard_s2.jpg title subtitle text image MOTHERBOARD #3 The motherboard is fixed to the case top cover. Components side faces the bottom shell. /media/museum/photos/acorn_atom_mainboard_s3.jpg title subtitle text image THE BOX /media/museum/photos/acorn_atom_box_s1.jpg title subtitle text image USER MANUALS Assembly instructions and Basic language manual. /media/museum/photos/acorn_atom_manuals_s1.jpg title subtitle text image UK ADVERT (MAY 1980) Advert says: The ATOM -a definitive personal computer. Simple-to-build, simple-to-operate. But a really powerful full-facility computer. And designed on an expandable basis. You can buy a superb expanded package now-tailored to your needs. Or, you can buy just the standard Atom kit, and, as you grow in confidence and knowledge, add more chips. No need to replace your equipment. No need to worry that your investment will be overtaken by new technology. As you need more power, more facilities, you can add them! **The standard ATOM kit includes:**\ . Full sized QWERTY keyboard. Rugged polystyrene case\ . Fibreglass PCB. 2K RAM. 8K ROM. 23 integrated circuits . Full assembly instructions including tests for fault-finding. (Once built, connect it to any domestic TV and power source)\ . Power requirement: 8V at 800 M A. ATOM power unit available.\ PLUS FREE MANUAL written in two sections\ - teach yourself BASIC and machine code for those with no knowledge of computers, and a reference section giving a complete description of the ATOM's facilities. All sections are fully illustrated with example programs. **The ATOM concept**\ Adding chips into sockets on the PCB allows you to progress in affordable steps to large-scale expansion. You can see from the specifications that the RAM can be increased to 12K allowing high resolution (256 x 192) graphics. Two further ROM chips, e.g. maths functions, can be added directly to the board giving a 16K capacity. In addition to 5 I/O lines partly used by the cassette interface, an optional VIA device can provide varied I/O and timer functions and via a buffer device allow direct printer drive. An optional module provides red, green and blue signals for colour. An in-board connector strip takes the ATOM communications loop interface. Any number of ATOMs may be tinked to each other - or to a master system with mass storage, hard copy facility. Interface with other ACORN cards is simplicity itself. Anyone ACORN card may be fitted internally. So you can see there are a vast number of modular options and additions available, expanding with your ability and your budget. **The ATOM hardware includes:**\ .Memory from 2K to 12K RAM on board (up to 35K in case)\ .8K to 16K ROM (two 4K additions) 86502 processor\ .Video Display allows high resolution (256 x 192) graphics and red, green and blue output\ .Cassette Interface-CUTS 300 baud\ .Loudspeaker allows tone generation of any frequency\ .Channel36 UHF Modulator Output .Bus output includes internal connections for Acorn Eurocard. **The ATOM software includes:**\ .32-bit arithmetic (+/- 2,000,000,000)\ .High speed execution\ .43 standard/extended BASIC commands\ .Variable length strings (up to 256 characters)\ .String manipulation functions\ .27 32-bit integer variables\ .27 additional arrays\ .random number function .PUT and GET byte\ .WAIT command for timing\ .DO-UNTIL construction\ .Logical operators (AND, OR, EX-OR)\ .LINK to machine-code routines\ .Plot draw and move. Thanks to **Paul Durrant** /media/museum/pubs/acorn_atom_pub_s1.jpg title subtitle text image UK ADVERT (NOV. 1980) Advert says: The Acorn Atom is a definitive personal computer. Simple to build, simple to operate. A powerful, full facility computer with all the features you would expect.\ Just connect the assembled computer to any domestic TV and power source and you are ready to begin. (Power requirement: 8V at 800mA). There is an ATOM power unit available. Free with every ATOM, kit or built, is a computer manual. The first section explains and teaches you BASIC, the language that most personal computers and the ATOM operate in. The instructions are simple and learning quickly becomes a pleasure. You'll soon be writing your own programs. The second section is a reference manual giving a full description of the ATOM's facilities and how to use them. Both sections arE fully illustrated with example programs. **The standard ATOM includes:**\ HARDWARE\ . Full-sized QWERTY keyboard. 6502 Microprocessor. Rugged injection-moulded case. 2K RAM. 8K HYPER-ROM\ . 23 integrated circuits and sockets. Audio cassette interface. UHF TV output. Full assembly instructions\ SOFTWARE\ . 32-bit arithmetic (:i: 2,000,000,000). High speed execution. 43 standard/extended BASIC commands. Variable length strings (up to 256 characters) . String manipulation functions. 27 x 32 bit integer variables\ . 27 additional arrays. Random number function. PUT and GET byte. WAIT command for timing. DO-UNTIL construction . Logical operators (AND, OR, EX-OR) . Link t machine - code routines. PLOT commands, DRAW and MOVE **The ATOM modular concept**\ The ATOM has been designed to grow with you. As you build confidence and knowledge you can add more components. For instance the next stage might be to increase the ROM and RAM on the basic ATOM from 8K + 2K to 12K + 12K respectively. This will give you a direct printer drive, floating point mathematics, scientific and trigonometric functions, high resolution graphics.\ From there you can expand indefinitely. Acorn have produced an enormous range of compatible PCB's which can be added to your original computer. For instance: A module to give red, green and blue colour signals Teletext VDU card (for Prestel and Ceefax information) An in-board connector for a communications loop interface - any number of ATOMs may be linked to each other or to a master system with mass storage/hard copy facility. Thanks to **Paul Durrant** /media/museum/pubs/acorn_atom_pub_s2.jpg title subtitle text image FRENCH ADVERT /media/museum/pubs/acorn_atom_jcs-pub_1.jpg title subtitle text image ACORN RAM/ROM CARD This 8 KB RAM/ROM card was connected to the Atom's expansion connector. Up to 16 2114 RAM chips could be socketted, as well as 2 ROM chips, 2516 or 2532. /media/museum/hardware/acorn_atom_ramcard_s1.jpg title subtitle text image 5'' 1/4 DISK-DRIVE This disk cost about twice as much as a brand new Atom and was consequently not a big seller. The Atom disk pack was considerably larger and heavier than the computer itself. It was actually an Olivetti OPE FD 501 with 92K on a standard 5''1/4 single-sided drive. It had its own power supply - which in turn supplied power to the Atom - and used a disk operating system in ROM. /media/museum/hardware/acorn_atom_disk_1.jpg title subtitle text image VOLTMACE DELTA CONTROLLERS Voltmace modified its Database videogame system controllers to be sold for micro-computers, mainly Acorn systems : BBC and Electron (with Plus-1 interface). As the keypad was of no use anymore, it was reduced to only 3 fire buttons. /media/museum/hardware/voltmace_joysticks.jpg title subtitle text image 3D PLOT /media/museum/software/acorn_atom_3dplot_ss.gif title subtitle text image PLANES & TANKS BATTLE Screenshot courtesy of Acorn Atom Emulator's home page. /media/museum/software/acorn_atom_ptbattle_ss.gif title subtitle text image BOOT SCREEN /media/museum/software/acorn_atom_bootscreen_ss.gif title subtitle text image SNAPPER Screenshot courtesy of Acorn Atom Emulator's home page. /media/museum/software/acorn_atom_snapper_ss.gif title url platform text Acorn Atom Emulator http://www.homepages.hetnet.nl/~wouterras/atom.htm MS DOS title url platform text The BBC Lives ! http://www.nvg.org/bbc/emulators.php3 MS DOS This excellent site has a complete list of Acorn systems emulators title url platform text ATOMAC http://www.p-skids.freeserve.co.uk/#Atomac Apple Simple ATOM emulator for Mac title url platform text Acorn Atom Emulator http://home.wxs.nl/~faase009/Ha_Atom.html Unix / Linux title url platform text MESS emulator http://www.mess.org/ Multiplatform The MESS project can emulate the Acorn title url text Acorn Atom Projects http://www.howell1964.freeserve.co.uk/Acorn/Atom/Atom.htm Different projects about the ATom. Quite instructive. title url text Acornusers.org http://www.acornusers.org/ The acornusers.org server hosts several Acorn web sites title url text Atom Review http://home.wanadoo.nl/hhaydn/ Nice site dedicated to the Atom title url text comp.sys.acorn.games FAQ http://www.landfield.com/faqs/acorn/games/ newsgroup FAQ title url text DOCUMENT http://home.wanadoo.nl/hhaydn/index-e.html Atom technical manual, BBC Basic, Atom layout, FDC Manual and much more title url text DOCUMENT http://members.aon.at/~musher/bbc/essentials.htm Atom user guide title url text DOCUMENT http://www.xs4all.nl/~fjkraan/comp/atom/atap/ on-line documentation, from the excellent "Oh no, not another computer museum!" title url text Oh no, not another computer museum! http://www.xs4all.nl/~fjkraan/comp/ Excellent ATOM page. title url text RetroBBC http://www.strafom.force9.co.uk/bbc/Retrobbc/Index.htm Mainly a software archive. Cool ! title url text The BBC and Master Computer Public Domain Library http://8bs.com/ Lots of stuff to see and download title url text The BBC Lives! http://bbc.nvg.org/ The net's largest site catering for enthusiasts of Acorn's range of 8-bit micros title url text The Stairway to Hell http://www.stairwaytohell.com/ Electron and BBC support. Excellent site with a lot of stuff ! title url text The Unofficial Acorn Computer User WWW Server http://www.poppyfields.net/acorn/ title url text Un-official ACORN ATOM Home Page http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~thoth/atom/atom.htm A few infos here title url text Web Wiz CAPTCHA http://www.webwizcaptcha.com Programming of Acorn computers title url cover text ATOMIC THEORY AND PRACTICE https://electrickery.nl/comp/atom/atap/index.html /media/museum/docs/couvs/acorn_atom_atomic-theory-and-practice_doc_s.jpg [**ATOMIC THEORY AND PRACTICE**](https://electrickery.nl/comp/atom/atap/index.html)written by Acorn  compiled/archived by Chris Richardson / Keith Howell\  type of document : HTML\  source : [Oh no, not another computer museum!](https://electrickery.nl/comp/atom/atap/index.html) title url cover text ATOM TECHNICAL MANUAL https://electrickery.nl/comp/atom/atm/index.html /media/museum/docs/couvs/acorn_atom_technical-manual_doc.jpg [**ATOM TECHNICAL MANUAL**](https://electrickery.nl/comp/atom/atm/index.html)written by Acorn Computers Ltd  compiled/archived by Keith Howell\  type of document : HTML\  source : [Oh no, not another computer museum!](https://electrickery.nl) /museum/acorn-computer-bbc-master /museum/acorn-computer-bbc-master-aiv /museum/acorn-computer-bbc-master-compact /museum/acorn-computer-bbc-model-a-b-b /museum/acorn-computer-electron 80 url date https://web.archive.org/web/20230607111542/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=80 2023-06-07

The Acorn Atom was the ancestor of the BBC computers series. It was sold in kit or ready-assembled versions.

The great advantage of the Atom compared to its competitors (TRS-80 & PET), was its high resolution capabilities (256 x 192) which were quite unusual in 1979 for the price.

The built-in BASIC was in some ways quite limited (it could only use integers for example) but an optional 4K ROM added the ability to use floating point numbers, trigonometric functions, to convert degrees/radians and to draw graphics in color. More add-ons were also available enabling autonumbering, a faster cassette interface (1200 bauds), and functions such as INKEY$, MID$, READ, DATA, FILL, etc... There was even a BBC BASIC board available.

A lot of applications were available on sideways ROMs that plugged into the "utility ROM socket" as Acorn called it, such as the "Atom Word Pack ROM" (word processing) or Atom-Calc (a 4K ROM spreadsheet).

A colour card was available, connected to the BUS connector, it provided 8 colors, 4 simultaneously at the 64 x 192 resolution or 2 at 128 x 192 for example. But it was known to overheat!

A lot of other peripherals were developed : - a 5.25" floppy disk drive (100K) which held the DOS in a 3K ROM but cost about twice as much as a new Atom!,
- a digital-tape recorder,
- a printer interface,
- a network card called EcoNet which enabled linking of up to 250 Atoms (210 K/Bauds transfer rate),
- RAM expansions,
- etc...

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Mr Wobbler reports :
The overheating of the graphics card seemed due to the conversion from NTSC to PAL. THE VC chip could be just seen under the mountain of discrete components to convert the scan rate... Programming the atom was fun, allowing the mixing of in-line assembler code embedded in basic programs. This made the transition from high level to assembler programming easier. My father bought one and had 2 subsequent replacements supplied FOC by Acorn due to problems in the video circuitry (mostly the output frequency wandering).

Peter Passchier comments:
The speaker was not just a beeper. You have direct write access to the I/O port, and it could be made to beep at a particular pitch by 'toggling' the speaker at a particular frequency. I used to use a one-liner that I would type in manually at night to wake me up with a warble at a desired time in the morning!